Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Businesses

Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Businesses How and why the financial crisis was transmitted to business? To what extent can the new regulatory framework prevent the same errors from occurring twice? Financial crisis, the word most mentioned during the last seven years, people may asking about why it take so long time to recover and how many businesses were been affected. There is no exactly number about how many business went to bankrupt, but at least we know that in comparison with seven years ago, the business methods have been changed in order to be more prepared and to survive in the financial crisis. The new financial laws come out in different countries in order to improve their economic growth, because nobody wants to live again the difficult moment as seven years ago. Remembering how the financial crisis started, and how it affected our live style, beside of to know how to prevent it we have also started to learn about the mistakes that we have made in order to not repeat it again in the future. Backing in this case, because we are the main actor who create the financial crisis, and nowadays we are taking the bad consequences about it. Focusing on the business, in the context of economic globalization that we are living nowadays, the impact of the spread of the financial crisis has apparent in different business affecting directly to their business activities as well as investing activities and financing activities. Faced with the financial crisis, companies in the business activities have to reduce inventory, lower their labor costs, strengthen management of accounts receivable, in the investment activities, they have to reduce investment spending to improve capital efficiency, to seize the investment opportunities in order to improve equity investments, and in financing activities, they have to increase the proportion of loans and take advantage of payable accounts. As the Wall Street investment bank giant Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, the US subprime mortgage crisis in evolved â€Å"rare way† in the global financial crisis, the world economy has had a major impact. In the context of economic globalization, the companies of different countries have not been spared, the impact of the financial crisis to those companies has become more evident. I will explain in bellow how the financial crisis has affected in different activities in the companies. In this case we can focus on the following factors in order to have a clear analysis. The impact on operating income. There were many uncertainties and potential risks of financial crisis, so that people fear the rise in the degree of risk of future employment status and income expectation. When there is poor earnings expectations, people will reduce unnecessary consumption. The consequences will be that people stop consuming because their future prospects of the financial crisis environment was pessimist, and at same time which caused directly the revenue decline in different business. All those factor contributed the economic decline worldwide. The impact on inventory. From a global market perspective, under the influence of subordinated debt, the developed regions hardest hit, the demand of goods in the business is declining. First half of 2008, affected by global inflation, corporate purchase of raw material prices, freight increase (global petrol prices), leading to increased cost of raw materials companies, resulting in the production of goods and manufacturing costs increase accordingly. If not compensated for the price, corporate profits will be compressed. Enterprises are in a transition process of inflation and financial crisis, the orders from the raw materials were often low because the increase of the price which cause directly the production and the pricing. The value will shrink a lot. The more business preparation, may afford to lose more. If the turnover rate of raw materials business is slow, and the expensive products are difficult to compete with low-cost products, it will make companies get in trouble. In addition, different inventory valuation methods will result in product backlog. For example, according to the FIFO method, the business inventories have to be included in the purchase of raw materials, the product cost, cost to be digested by the high price, and during the financial crisis, people do not want to spend a higher price to the consumption, resulting in product sales is not formed out of the backlog. Impact on accounts receivable. Affected by the financial crisis, overseas corporate default rates began to rise, further deterioration of the business of external credit. According to statistics, in May 2008, the local enterprises overseas bad debt rate have grew by about 268 %. Recovery of the purchase price is the full life line, set up a business in the future, according to the sources of funding, which are basically by loan recovery, expand the market, but there is no corresponding mechanism for the recovery of money, and ultimately to bring liquidity shortage, companies eventually will operate difficultly in this process. Increased bad debts or bad debts, taking up excessive liquidity in the enterprises, SMEs, if financing difficulties will inevitably result in cash flow difficulties of enterprises, companies lose the capital, just as humans lose the blood, many enterprises may walk on the edge of life and death, the company today hey, tomorrow may collapse. The impact on operating expenses. Weaken existing market demand, so companies have to rethink new markets, including international markets and domestic markets. In order to expanding domestic demand, so that export-oriented enterprises to offensive domestic market. In order to place in this market, it is necessary to find a way to open it. And the main action is increase the domestic market share, considering that the best way to open the domestic market is to increase ad spending. Since the original domestic market enterprises in the market accounted for a leading position, export-oriented enterprises will offensive fierce competition with domestic enterprises. Intense competition in the market forcing companies to increase the cost of sales and profit margin compression. Of course, open up new international markets also have to pay more of the cost of sales. Impact on labor cost. Because the financial crisis, it is became more expensive to fire the employers, which makes companies stop hire new employers in order to reduce their labor cost. This action has affected directly to the labor market, because there are still a lot of people looking for a job, as the result, people start looking the better job opportunities in other countries and caused as we know the â€Å"brain drain†. Effect of equity investments. Influenced by investor expectations of the future, surrounding the stock market crash, 2008 in the secondary market for some stock investment companies is a disaster of the year. Not to mention the investment income, many have now lost even the principal. For some enterprises, investment entities, due to the poor performance by investment companies, investment companies are allocated to dividends invested enterprises naturally reduced, or even no bonus. Therefore, some companies are considering the sale of subsidiaries, equity investments decrease. But for some small and medium-sized enterprises affected by the financial crisis, the danger lies opportunity. Now new opportunities for enterprise restructuring and supply chain strategic acquisitions. For example, the Big Three US automakers Chrysler go bankrupt if it originally to Chrysler as the leading supply chain will be interrupted immediately, those who do contract work for Chrysler, spare parts supply, logistics transit, channel, terminal services, and the same for those providers secondary product supply, services and raw materials Distance sub-suppliers, distributors who will completely lose the basis of survival. In order to prevent all the impact that we have mentioned before, the following recommendations could be useful for companies which is operating during financial crisis. They may not going to be the perfect solutions, however, they will give us a clear idea about how to face and how to act in the difficult moment. Reduce the inventory. Product demand weakened, difficult to sell their products at once, in which case only a variety of promotional methods to reduce inventory to net realizable funds as quickly as possible. If there were some unmarketable products, we should act decisively, even if production is discontinued or partial pressure, do not let inventories continue to increase. Because the formation of product inventory, not only harder to sell slow-moving products, more important is the product price, likely to cause new losses. Primary Material inventory too, they do not affect the normal production, it should try to do short-term purchase, so raw material inventory to a minimum line to maximize the amount of funds used to shorten the inventory turnover. Product sales to adhere to the cash is king concept, the implementation of cash transactions, or a shorter period to promote the sale of credit receivables. Reduce the labor costs. During the Financial crisis, the companies had a hard time, enterprises are facing the risk of suspension or discontinued, dismissed or forced to dismiss employees. For businesses, they do not want this to occur, not to mention according to the Labor Contract Law in different countries, the enterprises laid off or dismissed employee cost is not small. Therefore, the enterprise benefit drops or downtime, it can adopt flexible working hours, to arrange staff rotation or waiting list. Choose Payment of wages to workers of all or part of their wages or even just send living expenses, both to reduce labor costs, but also to guarantee the basic livelihood of employees, so that employees feel the caring companies and work harder, but also reflects the companys social responsibility. The financial crisis has brought to the enterprise not only dangerous, but also to business opportunities. For some of the less affected by the financial crisis and better management of the enterprise, then the introduction of senior professionals is a great opportunity, because when people lowest cost. There are always hands-on experience of senior personnel shortage, this time just to dig people abroad. In a sense, at a low price to buy the high-level talent, but also a reduction in labor costs of business performance. Use of personnel for the future development of enterprises to provide a guarantee. Strengthen the management of accounts receivable. Faced with the financial crisis, companies should be based on the idea of cash is king,† according to the market situation and make the appropriate changes, to minimize the amount of accounts receivable and credit terms. The larger the amount of accounts receivable, indicating funds purchase units occupy the unit more; the longer the period of credit receivables, indicating that the longer purchase units occupy the unit of time. Therefore, to strengthen the management of accounts receivable. Existing accounts receivable has been formed, it can promote cash discount to attract each other early payments, such as payments within 30 days, give 2-3% cash discount or a higher cash discount, and more than 30 days is not to discount. For possible bad debts or bad debts, should act as soon as possible, such as debt restructuring mode, can recover how much to recover the maximum extent possible to reduce the losses. For the existing products sold Sale, delivery or the month should do the knot and other payment methods. Cannot pay the purchase price or the ability to pay poor business, under exceptional circumstances rather not accept the order. If the goods issue of money being paid, because the product is easy to form a substantial price dispute, but also easy because of the other closed, bankruptcy and other reasons cannot find the debtor and become headless account, to the enterprise caused undue loss. How to speed up a reflux of funds? First, from starting their own businesses, while reducing inventory and strengthen the management of accounts receivable. In addition to increasing the recovery of accounts receivable, the use of the hands of the receivables in the bank financing is also an effective way to revit alize the capital. Financial approach in investing activities. Faced to the financial crisis, different companies have different investment strategies. For deeply affected by the crisis, and low interest, cash-strapped companies to cut costs, reduce investment spending; for some medium-sized enterprises affected by the financial risk has little effect, and effective, well-funded, should seize the investment opportunities, improve equity investment. To reduce the investments spending and improve the capital utilization. Most of our business is driven by investment growth, and sources of funding such investment, in addition to the majority of enterprises have accumulated bank loans or equity financing. Own funds of enterprises invested substantially all operations. In the context of the financial crisis, the excessive dependence on bank loans and equity financing for investment, is not realistic. Because hit by the financial crisis, the bank credit crunch, the stock market plummeted, and remains in the doldrums. For most companies, limited funds can only be used wisely, enterprises should take the initiative to stop the long investment cycle, large-scale investment projects, the limited funds use security production for survival, protection stamina up. A number of new investment projects should see more than move, blind investment companies into deeper causes. All those advises that have mentioned before could be an effective solution to face the financial crisis, however, fix the actual economic system and more control in the sense of the investment and mortgage in order to prevent that the same error happened for twice. In this case, we are not only talking about the banking or investment entities, but the government. From my point of view, the financial crisis happened not only because the bad management of those financial entities, but the government has also the major responsibilities, since they let the companies follow the crisis trend which means, no one of them has thought about the consequences could be. Of course, nowadays the government try their best in the sense of economic recovery, some of the countries saw the result very soon, but others are still suffering the financial crisis consequences, countries as Greece, Italy, Spain and so on, they are the most affected countries in Europe, people may ask about why there’s some countries only take few years to recover the economic and other which still in the recession. And the only answer will be the government decision making, if they made a correct one, it may benefit to whole country, if not, as we have already see with some countries, cut in public funds, as education or health and so on. So in order to make sure that it is not going to happened again, the main recommendation is to start to stablish some specific financial rules for financial entities as well as for countries, make sure everything are under control and once detect again the appeal of other financial crisis, at least they are ready to face it and make sure the economic damage is going to be as low as possible. Even though we are still in the recession process, and there are still a lot of enterprises fighting for survive in this crucial moment, however we should have an optimistic vision about the future, since Xiao Jing Ye Letter account: 2500 REFERENCES Altunbas, Yener. Manganelli Simone and Ibanez Marques David. (2011).Risk during the Financial Crisis. Do Business matter? European Central Bank. Retrieved: 02/05/2015, from  https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1394.pdf Cole Rebel A. (2012) How Did the Financial Crisis Affect Small Business Lending in the United States? DePaul University Chicago. Retrieved: 02/05/2015, from https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/rs399tot.pdf Fox Justin (2013). What we’ve learned from the Financial Crisis. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved: 02/05/2015, from  https://hbr.org/2013/11/what-weve-learned-from-the-financial-crisis HONG LIANG YU (2009). Impact of Financial Crisis on Finance corporate. JiangXi Provincial Party School of CPC, Nanchang 33003, China. Retrieved: 02/05/2015, from http://www.nai.edu.cn/mscaaf/info/b2/14.pdf Perlberg Steven (2014). The 27 Scariest Moments of the Financial Crisis. Business Insider. Retrieved: 02/05/2015, from http://www.businessinsider.com/financial-crisis-scariest-moments-2014-9?op=1#ixzz3ZRU8g85g à ¦Ã‚ ½Ã‹Å"à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ (2014). à ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ °Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã… ¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"â€Å"à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" . à ¦Ã‚ µÃ… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¸Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¢. Retrieved: 02/05/2015, from  http://www.diyilunwen.com/lwfw/gjmy/6178.html à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã… ¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ §Ã‚ ­-à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾Ã‚ .à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 2010à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °.à §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¦-†¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬Å". Retrieved: 02/05/2015, from  http://wenku.baidu.com/view/f85b9a6448d7c1c708a14544.html

FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT: EARLY LANGUAGE STIMULATION, LITERATE COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENT Essay

FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT: EARLY LANGUAGE STIMULATION, LITERATE COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENT; STORY READING QUOTES â€Å"If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own language, that goes to his heart.† ― Nelson Mandela â€Å"Your children can be around you all day, but if you don’t spend quality time with them and you don’t pay attention to them and talk to them and listen to them, it doesn’t matter that they’re just around you.† ―Brandy Norwood â€Å"The man who does not read has no advantage over the man who cannot read.† ― Mark Twain INTRODUCTION Language and literacy development does not begin in the first day a child attends school. Human beings develop language, even before actual words are formed in spoken language. From the time of birth, children’s literacy is influenced significantly by their family and environment. Their teachers serve as only one influence on the road to developing adequate literacy skills. This term paper is about the factors affecting development: early language stimulation, literate communities and environment; story reading that helps you to know how children acquire language and become literate. It enables you to understand how children learn language, the role of others in supporting this learning, and how a child becomes a reader and writer. Learning language and becoming literate are shown to be social, interactive processes. []In some cases, it also appoints people who live and work with very young children to interact with them in an appropriate way and to provide developmentally appropriate experience to support their development. Therefore, the vital role of others in supporting children’s learning is emphasized throughout this term paper. OBJECTIVES * To be ableto acknowledgeand understand these factors affect the language and literacy development of a child. * To be aware of how these factors affect the feelings of the child. * To be able to know how these factors affect the actions of a child as it grow and learn. Children likely to develop literacy skills when the day they born. However, there are several factors that affect a child to develop and master the language and literacy; these some factors are in the following: 1. Children living in poverty One of the most significant factors affecting children’s learning and development is growing up in an area of social deprivation. Deprivation has a negative impact on educational attainment. In the long term children who grow up in poverty leave school with fewer qualifications and skills, which in turn affects jobs and employment. Poverty is linked to poorer health and has been shown to have a negative impact on engagement with society; for example, an increased likelihood that an individual will engage in criminal activity.[] 2. Income and material deprivation A low income has been shown to mean a lack access to books, computers, and other reading materials and space to study quietly. It affects the quality of the home environment and neighborhood as low income restricts where families can live. There may be no quiet spaces in which to work to or sleep and this has an impact on emotional well-being. Children’s diets may be  inadequate because of lack of money, and poor nutrition can lead to physical changes that affect cognitive ability and performance of the brain. [] 3. Health Low birth weight is more likely in children from lower socioeconomic groups and this is associated with risks to cognitive and physical development throughout childhood. Poorer children are likely to suffer poorer health throughout their childhood, including chronic illness. [] 4. Cultural and social capital, and the experience of schooling Some research has suggested that a lack of social and cultural capital leads to low attainment for children living in poverty. I am suggested that children from lower socioeconomic groups have different background knowledge skills and interests that aren’t reflected in the school curriculum. The differences in cultural capital mean that the curriculum is more difficult for these children to access. The Social Exclusion Task Force reported that young people in deprived communities often lack social capital: access to sources of inspiration, role models, support and opportunity and even those children with high aspirations were found to lack the understanding about what to do to achieve their goals. [] 5. Deficiencies from Inadequate Diets A common problem for young children who do not eat enough meats and green vegetables is lack of iron, which results in chronic fatigue. Serious iron deficiencies lead to iron-deficiency anemia, a common nutrient deficiency. Some children may be malnourished even though they consume enough calories. These children fill up on â€Å"empty† non-nutritional calories (such as those found in cookies, and potato chips) and fail to eat enough healthful foods. Undernourished children tend to have stunted growth and delayed motor development. They are also are at risk for cognitive disabilities such as  low levels of attention, learning impairments, and poor academic school-related performance.[] 6. Functional Isolation Functional isolation results from direct and indirect effects of poor environment and inadequate nutrition. Diminished brain from stimulation–influences children’s behavior. The children may become more wary, easily tires, less attentive, and less playful, and they rarely show delight and pleasure. Because these children are not very responsive, caregivers do not interact with them much.[] 7. Parents as Teachers Probably the most important one is spending time with children. Although most parents are aware of the importance of reading to their children, not all parents routinely provide this type of experience. Many children are read to very little or not at all, and how often children are read to varies by income level and the race/ethnicity of the family.[] 8. Parent-child relationship This is concerns with social-emotional and interpersonal aspects that relate to literacy practices. The absence of such relationships can be a detrimental factor in a child’s emergent literacy development.[] 9. Parental Characteristics There are two characteristics, the culture, ethnicity and parental beliefs. Culture and ethnicity affects areas such as the expectations for education, the patterns for language use in bilingual families (e.g., primary language used at home, language of the community, bilingual education).Parental beliefs include the family’s beliefs about the importance and role of the educational system in the literacy development of their children.[] 10. Child Characteristics It include the child’s level of engagement and social interaction in literacy-related activities, as well as language proficiency, cognitive abilities, developmental achievements, motivation, attention, and health conditions that might affect language and literacy development. Each of the child characteristics can influence the extent to which a child can use the support that the environment provides for early literacy learning. For example, the substantial body of research demonstrating that preschool children with language delays are at a significant risk for later difficulties in learning to read indicates that factors within the child can influence emergent literacy development.[] 11. Home LiteracyEnvironment It includes such aspects as book sharing between parents and children, parents reading aloud with their children, print materials being available to the children, and parents’ positive attitudes towards literacy activities. The home literacy environment is comprised of both direct and indirect literacy-related events. Direct literacy related events are those in which the child engages, such as book sharing with a parent or labeling the printed letters of the alphabet. Indirect literacy-related events are those about which the child learns through the observation of individuals as they engage in those activities (e.g., reading the newspaper, writing notes). [] 12. Teenage Mother Teenage mothers generally have less knowledge of child development than mothers who postpone childbearing. The teenage mother’s lack of general knowledge in child development can affect the child’s cognitive achievement and behavioral adjustment in school. The lack of understanding of development knowledge behavior can affect the language and literacy of the child that may lead to physical and emotional harm. [] 13. Sex Boys are faster than the girls in learning to talk. Compared to girls the mean length of sentence uttered by boys is less. The comprehension vocabulary is also small in case of boys. Boys commit more grammatical errors and their pronunciation is less accurate. Sex differences in favor of girls remain and become quite pounced with every increase in age.[] 14. Intelligence Intelligence plays a vital role in language development. Babbling at an early age is better predictor of child of child’s intelligence. Children of high intelligence show better linguistic competence both in vocabulary, length of sentences uttered and correctness of sentence structure.[] 15. Twins Twins and triplets are slower to learn the language than the single child. Their vocabulary skill is so faster than the twins.[] 16. Bilingual Homes In bilingual homes the child face several problems to the language because the learn more than two languages at a time so it is very difficult to child to remember the two or three languages at a time.[] 17. Language of Deaf and Hearing-Impaired Children Children with hearing impairments often do not develop oral language skills as fully as other children do, but they are quite capable of acquiring a language of gestures called American Sign Language.[] But as these factors affect the language and literacy development of a child however there are ways to avoid this if people will apply some circumstances like as the following: 1. Teacher & Parents Parents should promote cognitive development by constructing an optimal learning environment in the home-they provide materials, experiences, and encouragement that help children to become curious explorers of their worlds. When children are exposed to a large variety of learning materials in a safe environment and when they receive encouragement for learning, they score higher on tests of language development and cognitive development than do children with less stimulating environments.[] 2. Story Telling -storytelling to children, exposing the child to different play things, naming the object describing the object.[] 3. Family Support – parent(s) and/or primary caregiver(s) provide the child with high levels of consistent and predictable love, physical care, and positive attention in ways that are responsive to the child’s individuality.[] 4. Positive Family Communication – parent(s) and/or primary caregiver(s) express themselves positively and respectfully, engaging young children in conversations that invite their input.[] 5. Caring Climate in Child Care and Educational Settings – caregivers and teachers create environments that are nurturing, accepting, encouraging, and secure.[] 6. Time at Home – the child spends most of her or his time at home participating in family activities and playing constructively with parent(s) guiding TV and electronic game use.[] 7. Early Literacy – the child enjoys a variety pre-reading activities including adults reading to her or him daily, looking at and handling books, playing with a variety of media, and showing interest in pictures, letters, and numbers.[] SUMMARY Developing language and literacy in early childhood can be affect by several factors; it can be a barrier or a key to early childhood from successful development in language and literacy. Those factors as barriers that affect the language and literacy development of children are children living in poverty, income and material deprivation, health, cultural and social capital, and the experience of schooling, deficiencies from inadequate diets, functional isolation, parents as teachers, parent-child relationship, parental characteristics, child characteristics, home literacy environment, teenage mother, sex, intelligence, twins, bilingual homes and language of deaf and hearing-impaired but if you sum up these factors the general outcome are family and environment. The family is the first one who will expose the child in language and literacy by teaching them before entering the school and before to interact in other human being while the environment will enhance what information they get from home and will also improve their understanding. But these hindrances can be prevented if the family of the child willing to give them a quality time in spite of many obstructions they has besides it is their responsibility to their children, they should give them a positive communication by talking to them often, reading them a story or giving them an activities that will help to develop their language and literacy. While when the children interact in the surroundings, family should guide them and know the limitation of their child on who they will interact with. This term paper can helps the parents how they will develop the language and literacy of their children and it also helps to guide them in the right way while growing and learning new things. REFERENCES Neaum, S. (2010).Child Development for Early Childhood Studies.Southernhay East, Britain: Learning Matters Ltd. Fabes, R.& Martin, C. L. (2011).Discovering Child Development.USA: Houghton MifflinCompany. 3rded. Wasik, B. H. (Ed.) (2012). Handbook of Family Literacy.Third Avenue, New York: Routledge.2nd ed. Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) (2011). Emergent literacy and language development: promoting learning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY: The Guilford Press. 2nd ed. Neaum, S. (2012).Language and Literacy for the Early Years.London: Learning Matters. Brown, A. I. (2010). Children of Teenage Mothers: school readiness outcomes and predictors of school success. United States: ProQuest LLC. Nisha, M. (2009).Milestone of Child Development.India: Kalpaz Publication. VanderVen, K. (2011). Promoting Positive Development in Early Childhood: Building Blocks for a Successful Start. NY: Springer. 2nded. ACTIVITY A. Answer DA if that factors Does Affect the language and literacy development of a child and DNA if it is a factor that Does Not Affect the development of language and literacy of a child. ____ 1. Poverty ____ 2. Ball ____ 3. Parents ____ 4. Doll ____ 5. Income ____ 6. Health ____ 7. Culture ____ 8. Quality Time ____ 9. Teacher ____ 10. Material Deprivation B. Multiple Choice. Encircle the best answer for the following. 1. This factor is concerned with social-emotional and interpersonal aspects that relate to literacy practices. The absence of such relationships can be a detrimental factor in a child’s emergent literacy development. a. Parent-child relationship b. Parent and Teachers relationship c. None of the above 2. In this factor, the low birth weight is more likely in children from lower socioeconomic groups and this is associated with risks to cognitive and physical development throughout childhood. a. Spiritual Aspect b. Poverty c. Health 3. This factor is linked to poorer health and has been shown to have a negative impact on engagement with society; for example, an increased likelihood that an individual will engage in criminal activity. a. Health b. Deficiency c. Poverty 4. This factor has been shown to mean a lacked access to books, computers, and other reading materials and space to study quietly. a. Child b. Low Income c. Health 5. This factor is the child face several problems to the language because the learn more than two languages at a time so it is very difficult to child to remember the two or three languages at a time. a. Functional Isolation b. Low Income c. Bilingual Homes Answer Key: A. Answer DA if that factors Does Affect the language and literacy development of a child and DNA if it is a factor that Does Not Affect the development of language and literacy of a child. 1. DA 2. DNA 3. DA 4. DNA 5. DA 6. DA 7. DA 8. DA 9. DA 10. DA B. Multiple Choice. Encircle the best answer for the following. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) Emergent literacy and language development: promoting learning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY: The Guilford Press. 2011. p24. 2nd ed. [ 3 ]. Neaum, S. Child Development for Early Childhood Studies. Southernhay East, Britain: Learning Matters Ltd. 2010. p132. [ 4 ]. Ibd p132. [ 5 ]. Ibd p132. [ 6 ]. Ibd p132. [ 7 ]. Fabes, R. & Martin, C. L. Discovering Child Development. USA: Houghton: Mifflin Company. 2011. 3rd ed [ 8 ]. Ibd [ 9 ]. Ibd [ 10 ]. Wasik, B. H. (Ed.) Handbook of Family Literacy. Third Avenue, New York: Routledge. 2012. 2nd ed. [ 11 ]. Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) Emergent literacy and language development: promoting learning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY: The Guilford Press. 2011. p24-25. 2nd ed. [ 12 ]. Ibd p25. [ 13 ]. Ibd p25. [ 14 ]. Brown, A. I. Children of Teenage Mothers: school readiness outcomes and predictors of school success. United States: ProQuest LLC. 2009. p38. [ 15 ]. Nisha, M. Milestone of Child Development. (India: Kalpaz Publication. 2010. p196. [ 16 ]. Ibd p196. [ 17 ]. Ibd p196. [ 18 ]. Ibd p196. [ 19 ]. Neaum, S. Language and Literacy for the Early Years.London: Learning Matters. 2012. [ 20 ]. Fabes, R. & Martin, C. L. Discovering Child Development.USA: Houghton: Mifflin Company.2011. 3rd ed [ 21 ]. Nisha, M. Milestone of Child Development. India: Kalpaz Publication. 2009. p196. [ 22 ]. VanderVen, K. Promoting Positive Development in Early Childhood: Building Blocks for a Successful Start. NY: Springer. 2011. p8. 2nd ed. [ 23 ]. Ibd p8. [ 24 ]. Ibd p9. [ 25 ]. Ibd p10. [ 26 ]. Ibd p11.

Analysis Of Flaubert s Madame Bovary, Toni Morrison s...

Marriage is a covenant where two become one, cleaving to one another. The marital agreement between a man and a woman is a perpetual relationship establishing a covenant not a contract. As written on the Family Life website, Pat Ennis and Lisa Tatlock stated â€Å"A covenant cannot be broken if new circumstances occur. A contract can be voided by mutual consent.† In other words, the bond established by the man and the woman is an ongoing unending commitment to each another. In Gustave Flaubert’s â€Å"Madame Bovary,† Toni Morrison’s â€Å"Sula† and Kate Chopin’s two short stories â€Å"The Storm† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† we see disloyalty, complex love, misery, unfulfillment and importantly, infidelity supposed matrimony. In the story â€Å"Madame Bovary,† Emma’s marriage is dull and uninteresting, her position as a wife and mother fails to make her happy or pleased. She has affairs with a man, named Rodolphe who is manipulative and seducing, also Leon who is a young musician. After she falls into misconduct she is still yet disappointed and unfulfilled in her desire for a meaningful life. For Emma, â€Å"†¦ all the bitterness of life seemed to be served to her on a plate†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Flaubert 62). She was angry and unhappy, with painful emotions – trying to fill a void within herself. Emma’s unfulfillment and ardent subjectivity boiled up to her breaking the covenant to her husband. Marriage as we must know, is ongoing despite the conditions. â€Å"Can two walk together except