Plato’s Dialectical Method Essay Example for Free

Platos Dialectical Method EssayPlatos method is presumably taken from that of Socrates, who wrote nonhing down. Socrates believes, in the azoic dialogues, that he knows nonhing. This is an irony, meant to be juxtaposed to the elite of Athenian society who be convinced of their own wisdom and knowledge on specialized subjects such as rhetoric, argu man precedentt, literature, generalship, etc.In the too soon dialogues, Plato initially has Socrates speaking from a position of ignorance. That is, from a position where he claims to know nothing, permitting himself just a series of questions that are designed to lead his opponent into absurdities, proving, so to speak, that his opponent knows only conventional wisdomimages of knowledge instead than knowledge itself. The Platonic project is to reveal the Truth, the forms of representence that exist behind the ever-changing panoply of sense impressions, accepted truths and the opinion of either the masses or the agencyful, an d often both. Hence, it makes perfect sense that Platos project give begin with dialogues such as the Apology and the Euthyphro, both showing Socrates not providing any unequivocal doctrine, however stripping bare the accepted wisdom on the relevant topics of crime and punishment, or piety and faith.Before Plato can provide his positive doctrine, he must(prenominal) first show that the accepted wisdomimages assumption by mass society or the elite, or bothare false, and exist solely in the realm of opinion, that of the natural or conventional worlds, rather than the truth, the world of the forms, beyond space and time, beyond sense impression, apprehensible only though the mind. Khan (1996) gives us a hint as to the importance of the dialectic method. The dialogue form engaged because Plato has an acute sense of the psychological distance that separates his world view from that of his audience. (66).And further, philosophy is essentially the practice of spiritual liberation by which the rational psyche prepares itself for a successful voyage back to its transcendental homeland (66). The world of late Athens, just prior to the conquests of Philip and Alexander, is one of petty crime, blase glory and political manipulation, hardly the arena for the development of a powerfully transcendent form of philosophy. Hence, the early dialogues are a preparation, the first movement in front away from the changing fortunes of Athens, and the changing natural world that keeps most men in intellectual chains.The point is not to lose ones audience. For, early on in Socrates career, for him to oblige unloaded the full content of the Republic or even the Laws onto a highly corrupt Athenian society would have been disastrous. Socrates might not have been executed, notwithstanding considered a madman and banished. Hence, early on, and even, to some extent in the middle dialogues, Socrates is struggling with sophisticated men to croak them to see the nature and realm of their craft, rather than its service to the state, to social advancement or even the advancement of their ego.In Platos Apology, Socrates is presented to the literary world as a martyr, a martyr against mass advanceances and a fighter for the existence of Truth, which he claims (39) is really not possible to reach, and belongs only to the divinities of Olympus. What passes for truth is not truth, but is a reaction to mere appearances, the world of opinion, of doxa. A philodoxer is one who exists solely in the realm of sense impressions, those impressions that can be manipulated by those in power and ingrained into the psyche by mass opinion.Of course, in modern times, mass media would be the very source of the philodoxers alleged knowledge. In attacking the worldly-wise of Athens, Socrates admission of ignorance also derives from the idea that he has no specific area of expertise (Khan, 89). In other words, while it is true that his opponents are experts in their motley fields, and hence should be approach shoted concerning any question ab tabu those fields, Socrates seems to have none at all. His field simply is the tripping up of his opponents who do not presuppose systematically, but think according to the present utility of their areas of expertise.Furthermore, while Socrates feigns ignorance, he, as Khan has written never denies that he has practical good sense and moralisticistic excellence (Khan, 90) He sees around him a once glorious Athenian society, set on solid ground by Solon centuries earlier, no interminable on solid ground. The tyranny of the 30 created a situationor reflected a situationwhere power, and hence opinion, became the only true goods. Ones skill, ones arete, exist solely to bring the user worldly gains, both for himself and the city.But this situation leads to moral degradation, since the only reason to have virtue is to prove ones usefulness in glory, to gain praise and promotion. This is the backdrop to the rise of the so phists, a group of pseudo-philosophers who claim to have knowledge, but this just amounts to the manipulation of socially crated images to appear to have knowledge. The sophist can make any wrinkle they are paid to, because truth either does not exist, or is not useful in all circumstances.The sophist is valuable because self-promotion is their specialty, and hence, they receive the venom of Socrates. Hence, when Socrates is speaking of a certain craft, a certain form of practical excellence, he insists that he must be speaking of the same object as his opponent. Hence, in the Euthyphro, Socrates and his opponent are not speaking of piety in the same way. The are not speaking of the same thing. Socrates is speaking about piety in a way that includes all specific incarnations of the phenomenon. While Euthyphro, as a good Greek at the time, speaks of it in terms of its utility.Hence, they are not talking about the same thing, which permits Socrates to continually thwart his opponent s. They are speaking on d sinfulness distinguishable planes, one Truth, the other, use, or truth (small t). While Truth is utile, utility does not exhaust it, and even if it did, they are speaking of use in two very different ways. For Socrates, as in the Apology, one should never do evil, even if it is immediately utile. While the timocrat, one who lives for earthly glory, might do evil (something cowardly, or mercenary, etc) for the sake of gaining immediate glory and fame.Socrates holds that all evil is inutile, though not in any worldly way, but because, slowly but surely, it turns the person bad, hence the soul begins not to know truth from falsehood. All is power, all is crass utility. In response to the utilitarian idea, Socrates says to his accusers a man who is good for anything ought not to calculate the chance for living or dying he ought to consider whether in doing anything he is doing right or wrongacting the part of a good man or bad (40). Socrates is claiming that goodness is beyond utility, that he is morally good, and finally, that the common opinion that goodness is utility is false.In the Apology, Socrates affirms young men of the richer cases, who have not much to do, come about me of their own accord. They like to hear the pretenders examined. . . .they are plenty of persons, as they quickly discover, who think they know something, but really know little or nothing. . . (33). This is behind the charges against Socrates. Socrates, speaking of himself and his mission, says to the judges I am that gadfly that god has attached to the state and all the twenty-four hours long and in all places I am fastening upon you, arousing, persuading and reproaching you. (43).Many things are said here about his method. A. Socrates says nothing about any positive philosophy. This is not the point. He is not unaware of the utility of the crafts that he takes apart in debate, but, for the good of the city, he is forced to make his opponents realize the tr ue ground of the goodness of their craft. B. Socrates sees Athens in trouble. The tyranny, the mass democracy and the predictable rise of sophistry means that power and only power (whether military, financial or persuasive) is operative.If this is true, than moral goodness will be prostituted to the state. In the long run, this will lead to the destruction of the state and its famed liberties, since moral goodness will be delimitate as loyalty to one political faction or other, each faction seeing Athens as a means to financial or political advancement. Not real city can function with those sorts of divisions. Hence, Socrates, unbeknownst to his opponents, is a true patriot, seeking the moral betterment of his people. C. By god it is plausibly that Socrates means world of forms.As Khan said earlier, the usage of common terminology is a strategy where he may gain acceptance. By the use of god he is talking about ultimate Truth (which he alone serves) in language that the common fol k of Athens could understand. It is possible that Socrates viewed the proud pantheon as a popularization and folkloric method of understanding the forms. *** When Socrates is grilling the unfortunate but well intentioned Euthyphro, there is a passage from Socrates that strongly hints that his negative approach is leading, at some future time, to the positive ideas of the forms.Socrates says to his opponent, speaking of pious acts The point I should first wish to understand is whether the pious or holy is beloved by the gods because it is holy, or holy because it is beloved by the gods (12) Outside of the Crito, this is the most suggestive passage in the early dialogues concerning a foreshadowing of later, positive doctrine. Here, Plato is giving, in sharp relief, the distinction between the Platonic idea of Truth and the common, utilitarian Athenian view. The sophist would claim that the former is the case.That something is holy because it is loved by the gods. The power of the go ds is accepted as arbitrary and unquestioned. Hence, the only thing to do is to is to figure ways to place them, and hence acquire various profits in so doing. That is the opposite of what we call Platonism. What is more important is the critical part. Instead of merely accepting that what his holy is holy because the gods love it, one must find out the nature of the holy, to which then the gods then must conform. Nothing is more Platonic than this distinction.The first is reflective of the power hungry Athenian state. The famed politicians, bankers and priests want power, thus, if you are a citizen, you do what you can to please the powerful, and hence become famed yourself, and promoted through the system. This is the world of power and prostitution. Power and profit are taken as good in themselves, and hence the powerful are off the intellectual hook. Platonism is reflected in the idea that there is a concept of power, and, beyond that, the substantially by which power is thus j ustified that would force a ruling class to conform their behavior to.Once the philosopher can provide an outline of this virtuousness in relation to power (the Republic and Statesman), or the mode of being that a ruling class must conform to, then ones life can be called rational (politically speaking). This passage in the Euthyphro then, points to a much later development in Platos ontology There is a unsloped that the Gods love. The only reason the Gods love it is that it is Good, hence the gods (assuming Plato believed in them) are to be emulated only because of the Good, not because they are gods.The political ramifications of this are staggering, and it is easy to make an argument that the political ramifications of the question of piety (especially given the nature of the charges against Socrates) are designed to reorient the mind of Athenian youth to the Good, rather than to power. The powerful seek to desex the good for themselves, invariably, of course, defined as what is in their own interest. Hence, if this terrible state of affairs is to be avoided, the nature of the Good must be outlined. But in these early dialogues, only hits are being dropped.

Aristotle and Plato Compared Essay Example for Free

Aristotle and Plato Compargond EssayIn the second book of The Politics, Aristotle digresses from Platos recommendations and provides a counter framework for what he believes is an ideal republic. The best ideal state according to Aristotle is one that is non ruled by philosopher kings. This main feature of rulership is what distances Aristotle from Plato. Is it inherent for there to be a group of philosophers ruling? Is it natural that these philosophers must(prenominal) be removed from private life? These are the questions Aristotle deals with in the second book of The Politics. In his book, Aristotle also details the role of women, slaves and foreigners.Plato would definitely be stir up with his student Aristotle because of the main fact of his idea of rulership and the removal of the philosopher class. It is important to note that although Aristotles ideal state has greater exclusivity of groups than Plato its benefits are far greater and applicatory in creating virtuou s citizens. This essay result go on to question and critically analyze the main features of human nature, communalism, and private property of both philosophers. forrader we encounter Aristotles practicable state we must look at Platos idea of communalism.Plato highlights that it is philosopher kings who should rule and be removed from private life. His vox populis are quite extreme because of the mere fact that his form of rulership is one that is stripped from attaining wealth and also familial roles. One can argue that this notion is doomed to fail. If this notion of communalism were to be established in a city-state, citizens would not be able to tell who there biological siblings are, which can evidently lead to incest. Another unfavorable judgment to Platos communalism is the fact that citizens would have no attachment each other and can disrupt social interaction.For example, whatsoever of the best aspects of social interaction will be eliminated if property was commun al. For all citizens must bundle everything, or nothing, or some things only not others. It is evidently impossible for them to share nothing. For a authorship is a sort of community, and so they must, in the first instance, share their location, and citizens share that one city-state. But is it better to share some things but not others? For the citizens could share children, women, and property with one another as in Platos Republic. For Socrates claims there that children, women and property should be communal. (The Politics 372).Through this quote one can gather the belief that unity is impossible through this communal relationship and is only derived through hard work. This quote is very significant because it explains sharing children and women, and gives the notion that everybody in the city-state is alike, however this is not the case. A city-state is made up of a variety of citizens. Let us use this example in todays smart set will it be possible for the sharing of chi ldren, women and property in the city of Toronto? Although this is an extreme example, being that Toronto is a multicultural city it parallels the city-state on so some levels.Plato would be upset with Aristotles ideal state because the majority of Platos demands are too far-fetched and cannot be practiced. Trying to make a city-state too a great deal a unity or a household is not a better policy (The Politics 372). The institution of family is natural and the outright removal does not bring about virtue. As civic virtue is most practiced when given individual care and not communal care. Through Aristotles natural arguments we begin to see him classify roles for women Aristotle felt that the household consisted of three parts one is mastership, another that of a father, and a third marital (The Politics 370).For a male unless he is somehow constituted contrary to nature, is naturally more than fitted to lead than a female, and someone older and completely developed is naturally m ore fitted to lead than someone younger and incompletely developed (The Politics 370). This criterion proves to be dangerous in a city-state as it provides for domination and a trigger of a hierarchy filled with discrimination of gender and age in this society. Slaves are another group of people that seize to exist in Aristotles model. Aristotle points that a slave is among things that exist through nature.Although it is not ideal for there to be slaves, it is realistic and benefits the city. Plato points out that Greeks should not make other Greeks slave this gives the intuitive feeling that it is still okay to have slavery in the city. Noting that anyone who is not Greek are considered Barbarians and worthy of being slaved. Aristotles approach was to rationalize the use of slavery, stating that some people are slaves because they are incapable of responsibility. However we cannot dismiss the role of slaves in the city-state.Slaves play a functioning part of society and allow fo r the working class to have leisure. In trying to obtain an end with good and happiness, it is crucial that the middle class has leisure which allows for a space to think and discuss things with others, using practical wisdom in concert with others. Aristotle also justifies slavery as the natural use of their bodies. Questions of morality begin to arise Are these justifications allow? At an individual level it is immoral, however in terms of a well functioning city-state slavery benefits a larger number of people (political process).The benefits are greater because it complements the organic hierarchy where there are multiple parts that make the city-state function. Aristotle points out that private property is not only necessary but beneficial in providing for a functioning city-state. This goes against Platos appeal for rulership to have a communist lifestyle stripped from private property. Plato bets to be demanding too a great deal and does not take into account that men nat urally try to gain access to private property. The mere removal of private property does not seem practical, and Aristotle states that you can have some form of property that is communal.For example, the land might be grown separately, but the crops grown on it are communally stored or consumed or the land might be owned and farmed communally, while the crops grown on it are divided up among individuals for private use (The Politics 374). here(predicate) is why Plato is upset with Aristotles features he uses Platos Utopian idea of private property and dissects it to one which can be applied to a practical state. The major theme of what is natural emerges in both philosophers. It is hard to determine what is in our nature and how it effects our political position.Aristotle cleverly uses nature as a way to justify the notions of communalism, slavery, exclusion of women and private property. One can attribute Platos anger of Aristotles practicable state to his radical change in the af orementioned categories. Although Aristotles exclusion of women and slaves are far greater than Platos the benefits applying it to his system of a practicable city-state cannot go unnoticed. Works Cited Classics of moral and political theory. Indianapolis, IN Hackett Pub. Co. , 2005. Print.

Movie Analysis Essay Example for Free

Movie Analysis EssayThere are m each versions of Spiderman, however Amazing Spider-man is the best version ever. The graphic works, the music, and the plot are amazing like the photo title. The Amazing spider-man is not connected to the previous Spiderman movie. One online remove critic stated that there is a silent war ongoing right now between two of the big comic book flicks do theaters in July of 2012 Warner Bros. The Dark knight Rises and Sonys The Amazing Spider-Man (Sandy Schaefer).In addition, I do believe that this movie really sound like a more genuinely contemporary portrayal of the eponymous webslinger than that offered in Raimis previous movie trilogy. Although some of the character I do not like the appearance they act and somehow they cannot give me a clear mind what they should able to act, I could still agree this version of the Spiderman is the best I have seen. The characters in the movie are very rich for the audience to watch. Every action movie are essential to have the element of making love scene, fighting scene, the move scene, and the return scene.The main character is obviously the Spider-man hammer Parker. Here is the aforementioned from Amazing Spider-Man Like most teenagers his age, Peter played by Andrew Garfield is trying to figure disclose who he is and how to be the person he is today. In his journey to put the pieces of his past together he uncovers a abstruse that his father Campbell Scott held a secret that will ultimately shape his destiny as Spider-Man. This is the first in a series of movies that tells a different side of the Peter Parker story. (Schaefer). Peter Parker has struggled to risk his purpose in life, ever since Peters parents disappeared 13 years old.Like other movies, he must face the ultimate challenge on the brink of unlocking the mystery. Thus, he is absolutely hero archetype that he defeats Dr. Connors and safe the whole New York City. The female character, Spider-man girlfriend, Gwen Stacy is knowledgeable and wise. For some moment, she is charismatic and rebellious when she script with her family. Gwen is the chief intern at Oscorp, a position she collects very seriously. However, her mentor Dr. Connors is the competitor of Spiderman. Captain Stacy is an esteemed police officer who leads the investigation into Spiderman.Captain Stacy is exceedingly alert to his family more than the city, especially his only daughter, Gwen. Apparently, the villain is Dr. Connors. It is not clear that he is the lizard when it comes to the end. He is a scientist that attempts to engineer a revolutionary conversion serum to help regrow limbs and human tissue. He became so horrible at the end. The heros journey is al moods followed by the 17 stages of Joseph Cambells Monomyth. But for nowadays movies, they eliminate some of the stages in a simply form. Not surprisingly, Campbells idea is generally applied to many Hollywood screenwriting and writings as well.The Ordinary World- Peter Parker is a student at Midtown Science High School, and he lives with his Uncle Ben and Aunt May. His parent is a mystery and left him with no explanation when he was young. As a result, Peter is frustrated and longs to find out more about his father and why he left. Peter is eldritch around his peers, but he still sticks up for the underdog. Call to Adventure- Peter found out a file and lead him to research his fathers lab partner who works at Oscorp Tower, Dr. Connors. He goes to him and look out for answers. Later, he is bitten by a spider that is being used to create biocable.He starts to have the abilities of spider. He has been introduced to the Special World that is opposite of what he knows. Refusal of the Call- Peter begins to test his power, and using them to beat the bully who picked on him, Flash Thompson. His emotion modification and have argument with Uncle Ben. Because Uncle Ben feels his strange behavior, so he follows him and that make the tragedy of the thi ef shoots Uncle Ben. Meeting with the Mentor- Dr. Connors is a mentor to him when it comes to science. Another crucial mentor is Uncle Ben of course. Hence, he gives a big influence on Peter, and when he dies, Peter is pushed to his limits.Crossing the Threshold- Because of the death of Uncle Ben, Peter pushed himself into the Special World. Peter tries to hunt the thief who murdered Uncle Ben. Test, Allies, Enemies- When Peter fights crime, he confronts criminals and makes enemies. At school, he developed a friendship with Gwen. His tests are increasing in difficulty Dr. Connors displayed a semblance of friendship toward him, but as his identity shifts into the Lizard, this will change. Captain Stacy, Gwens father, shows an antagonistic attitude toward Peter and his alter-ego. Approach- Spiderman tries to stop the creature on the bridge. The Lizard got a big fight atMidtown Science high School, and Peter tries to stop him with Gwens help. Ordeal- Spiderman was shot by a police bull et that stuns him electrically. It is a hard time to Spiderman to fight his way out, reveals his identity to Captain Stacy. Reward- Captain Stacy lets him go, showing his trust in Peter. Resurrection- The Lizard is strong and powerful. Captain Stacy and Peter Parker finally work together to restrict the activities and take the Lizard down. Return with the Elixir- Dr. Connors has been returned back to normal. He has saved Gwen, but Captain Stacy was killed. As he dies, he asks Peter to keep Gwen out of his life to defend her.It is not only a promise to Captain Stacy, but also in a carton of eggs. He is a different person, and even though he may not have all of the answers he wanted, he has learned to put others ahead of himself during the search. The Elixir Peter Parker has brought back from his journey is that of a new hero. He is no longer just Peter Parker, fatherless teenager. He is Spider-Man. (Milles). Peter Andrew Garfield who is the actor of Spiderman did a good job in the m ovie because it is a challenge to an actor to have a big different from being a normal person to an amazing ultimate hero.Andrew Garfield can register and show on his face that the inner features of Spiderman to the audience. Honestly, the only person I do not satisfy is Emma Stone, who is the actress of Gwen Stacy, and I reckon many of the commends on the net board criticize that she has not done a great job on her part. For instance, there is a frightening scene that she is holding a prod hiding when Dr. Connors has become the Lizard and chasing her. I am sorry to say that, but I cannot feel any scary moment in the scene. For the love scene, I do not think she acts like a spouse of Peter Parker.Also, she did not have the interaction with her family show that she is rebellious. The plot is moving facile and clear when I follow along to the heros journey. Refer to the heros journey, the plot is developed and excited. I would not find any boring scene in the entire movie. When I watched along with it, I would have many unexpected things happen, and really influence the audience to keep observation on it. Moreover, the music composer of the movie is James Horner. Indeed, he is a great composer of film music. James Horner also composes some great movies such as big and Avatar.He is currently as famous as John Williams and the music they composed does make the audience impressed. His music moved the audience, and there is no uncertainness that film music is so significant because we are not only watching the screen, but listen to the music also. Amazing Spiderman is well-developed movie as avocation the classic heros journey. It does make the audience easy to follow and a feeling of unexpected. Also, the action scene is exciting to watch. Even though I know it is not real, but I really get into it. Furthermore, the music do influence the audience and no movie can neglect music because it is an crucial tools.

Changes During the Ageing Process

Changes During the Ageing ProcessPhysiological and sociological perioding is an unpreventable member to which, from for each one maven unmarried goes through. Although each ageing process varies greatly from each individual to another it tends to speed up as we age. Ageing potentiometer be defined as increasing the number and proportion of aged(a) in auberge (Calasanti Kathleen, 2006)We age from the moment we ar born, however the changes that occurs during ageing results from losses that is gradual overtime. It is said that pull aways can often start from young adulthood (mid 20s-30s) because our bodies being able to adjust and main(prenominal)tain health in most individuals, it is said the loss in not shget until later on in sprightliness. We lose 1% of organ functionality per year from the age of 30 age old (Martin GM, 2007) the majority of these changes ar not seen until after age 70 (Critchley, 1931, 1934) The considerable variation in the rate of ageing and orga n efficiency lies in spite of appearance the presence of disease and/or the ability of the body to adapt to external stress. The three main types of changes that we need to focus on during our ageing process ar physical, psychological and social. At any given time, one can be effected or every of them together which can impact on a persons quality of life. As were all unique in our get right, each persons ageing process can be different ageing wheel around.The granter population is expected to rise despite the adjoin in the womens state pension age to 65 between 2010 and 2020 and the increase for both men and women from 65 to 68 between 2024 and 2046. (Parliament, 2010) concord to the NHS, individuals are living longer than ever before and our society is expanding. With the NHS explaining that with the fastest rise in the oldest old, means that the overall number of great deal in our society withhealth or care needs has risen. In turn, this has altered the very nature of ou r health and care services, with patriarchal people now the biggest usersAs we get older, it is greens for some memory loss much(prenominal) as forgetting names or appointments, this is normal due to memory being affected by age, stress, tiredness, or indisputable illnesses and medications (NHS, 2014)Typically common illnesses and diseases occurs (however not exclusive to elderly individuals) is Dementia, Cancer and too Arthritis.Dementia is a progressive disease. Affecting all parts of the brain such as the frontal lobe, occipital lobes, temporal lobe, and parietal lobe. Dementia is a syndrome (a conclave of related symptoms) associated with an ongoing decline of the brain and its abilities. This includes problems with memory loss, thinking speed, moral agility, language, understanding, judgement (NHS, 2014)According to the Alzheimers Society there are around 800,000 people in the UK with dementia. Current statistics show that one in three people over 65 will develop demen tia, and two thirds of people with dementia are women. Research undertaken by Alzheimers Society has shown that young people also develop dementia and it is not exclusive to elderly people.According to Cancer Research, 2013 Cancer is a disease caused by normal cells changing so that they pay back in an uncontrolled way. The uncontrolled growth causes a lump called a tumour to form. Age Concern UK, conducted a study in the years between 2009-2011 and be that the most top 5 cancer diagnosed for men aged 75 and over is prostate, lung, bowel, bladder and stomach cancer. Their research also found that the top 5 commonly cancer being diagnosed for women over 75 and over breast, bowel, lung, pancreas and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma cancer. Also shown during this research was that 36% of all cancers are diagnosed in the elderly (UK, 2009-2011)Arthritis is not exclusive to elderly people and it is a myth to say that only elderly people have arthritis it also affects younger individuals also. Arth ritis is a common condition that causes bruise and inflammation within a joint. In the UK, around 10 million people have arthritis. Two of the most commonare osteoarthritisand rheumatoid arthritis. (NHS, 2012) According to Arthritis Research UK, 2013 Osteoarthritis is a common form of arthritis statistic shows that 8.5 million people are affected by Osteoarthritis.In people affected by osteoarthritis, the cartilage (connective tissue) between their bones gradually wastes away, leading to painful rubbing of bone on bone in the joints. The most frequently affected joints are in the hands, spine, knees and hips. Osteoarthritis often develops in people who are over 50 years of age. However, it can develop at any age as a result of an injury or another joint-related condition (NHS, 2012)The psychological aspect of ageing is a phase of personal integrity with despair (Erik Erikson, 1950) during the final stages of the cycle of life the individual is often seeking a sense of integrity an d trying to avoid a sense of despair. Elder age often becomes a time of reflecting back on their life which allows a return of events during their own personal lifetime. To the extent we have succeeded in effectively solving the problems that had arisen at each stage of life, we have positive a sense of completion and fullness that is to say, the feeling of full life (Gullette, 2004).Societies views on ageing has been deemed as somewhat negative, it has been argued that the older population can be wrongly so, be a drain on society. Due to advantages in modern medicine and technology it has been clearly be that there is a better quality of life for older people.The government has also contributed in helping remedy quality of life to over 65s by providing state pension, free TV licence, free bus pass, winter fuel allowance, help with care nursing fees* (if individual doesnt have any form of assets such as property*) and legislations in place for best interests of individuals and pushing them to remain independent where possible by staying in their own family unit rather than carting off elderly people into nursing homes or care homes once they reach retirement age. time-worn individuals do also contribute back to society such as volunteering, childcare for grandchildren and also, most continue to work and pay their taxes after the state pension age of 61 and 68 years old.Ageing is different from one individual to another because all tender beings are unique in their own right, its hard to pinpoint how the ageing process affects each individual physical, intellectual abilities and psychological quality of life however, individuals needs change as they age and in order to meet a standard of quality of life their needs should be simultaneously met where possible.During life, we all often begin to experiences many types of losses this can include loss of many things such as material things health, jobs, homes. Death of relatives, friends and pets. At times, this can come all at once or spaced out nevertheless losing an object or an individual close to you can be overwhelming sadness period in anyones life which can result in problems physically and mentally such as imprint.Dr Elisabeth Kbler-Rosss pioneering research on trouble and grieving has made a significant indent on the bereavement and support care of those individuals that are grieving. In fact such an idea or understanding of grief was a rare and novel idea before Dr Elisabeth Kbler-Ross 1969 research which inaugurated her five stages of grief which is detailed as first stage, shock and denial and sometimes overwhelming, the stand by stage is anger. Dr Kbler-Ross explains that the realisation of reality emerges after the initial shock. The feelings of anger may be directed at the loved one whom passed over or people around the person who is grieving. Following from that the third stage of grief is said to be bargaining, the person who is grieving can be thinking the authori sed should of, could of, would of I wish I would have done this, I wish I would have done that. I wish I would have told them this, seen them more before passing etc. forth stage of the process is said to be depression, a mixture feelings of sadness and mourning and the final stage of the process is acceptance this phase is a mixture of accepting what has happened, knowing that you cannot change the past. Allowing themselves to continue living after a loved one has passed without feeling shamefaced about moving on.Although the five stages of grief model was initially developed to help health care professionals around the world understand the grief of their patients and their relatives who are on the verge of passing over, it has now been comprehensively adopted by individuals around the world not just medical professions but individuals who are facing to be in a situation of their loved ones passing over.The stages are arguably an experience during which, the sorrowful process of the experience of grief are somewhat, easier to understand the grieving process. The idea also provided an in-depth understanding of grief and for helping others cope through personal trauma of grief. Going through grief is understandably, one of the hardest things an individual can ever go through, but realising that they dont have to do it all by their selves can help ease the pain from grieving.These solar days there is lot of support groups available for people who are grieving. The support groups can benefit others by share-out their loss and pain by openly talking about their circumstances and feelings is an active step for them to work through their pain and come to term with that has happened to them.Another positive is that by sharing the loss and pain with others going through the same thing, eventually the individuals find themselves giving compassion and reaching out to help others within the support group with the hope they will survive through the terrible personal t rauma of grief.Although many theories has been developed regarding the ageing process, the theory of disengagement has generated the most interest to this day (Cumming Henry, 1961) according to their theory as people age, they tend to withdraw from society, and this can be mutual, with society. Cumming Henry had argued this was a consequence of people learning within their limitations with age and making way for new generations of people the fill their roles. However, it is said that the disengagement theory is controversial, and many individuals do not agree with it.One negativism of disengagement is the low self-esteem that can occur of disengaging. This could have a knock on effect of simply not engaging with others if they believe they are not worth it. This qualitative change will accompany the quantitative reduction in social interaction taking place between the elderly and society (Masoro, 2006).Within diverse societies, it is argued that the disengagement theory is a nega tive one. When the disengagement theory was created by Cumming Henry, the tradition within society back then was allowing older people to live at home with their families rather than using any form of nursing and residential care.The activity theory was originally developed by Robert J. Havighurst in 1961 originally the activity theory was conceived as a response to then, the recently published disengagement theory of ageing.As mentioned above, the disengagement model suggested that it is natural for elderly to disengage completely from society when they realise that they are close to their death. According to activity theorists, as people interact with their environment and each other, they achieve a series of outcomes.As individuals engage within activities, it gives them something to focus on and keeps themselves as well as their brains active which can minimise depression and feelings of being unwanted.The activity theory has been to understand the emotional changes within age ing adults. Research has found that elderly individuals that has remained in employment, or being able to examine hobbies or day centres etc. can actually improve a quality of life as it keeps themselves busy and actively engaging with others can improve their self-esteem dramatically.As were all unique in our own right, its hard to define ageing process for every single human being. But on average, whilst most over 60s might still be in employment, having independence and remaining in their own home and others might be unable to mobilize and lost their independence and residing in a care home. Following from research of this essay, as long as all elder individuals needs and preferences are met, their quality of life is at a high standard and appropriate help and support is available then touch on through the later adult ageing process will be significantly easier for the individual going through the ageing process and dealing with complications that can occur such as higher risk of developing illnesses that can occur as we age.

The Importance Of Being Ernest Character Analysis English Literature Essay

The Importance Of Being Ernest Character Analysis English Literature tasteThe way Wilde characterized the characters in this play, chiefly jackfruit Worthing, displays these people as uptight and serious that wouldnt put a toe out of line. This initial characterization of doodly-squat would seem to the audience a character that should belong in a drama, that Wilde added to Jack the extra quirk of being found in a handbag, and thus not knowing who his actual parents. Wilde did this first display and to ridicule the squared-toe dogma stressing normalcy and their frowning upon that which, seems to display a contempt for the cut-and-dried decencies of family life (Lady Bracknell, Act I, pg. 134). Wilde uses the circumstances of Jacks abandonment to symbolize both Jacks ambiguous neighborly status throughout the play and to emphasize his mobility inside social circles, whether that is up or down. The handbag that do by Jack is perfectly used to symbolize this ambiguity, for this b ag was has all the trademarks of normalcyThus, this commonplace container contains a baby of uncommon origin. There is no coincidence that this ordinary handbag/baby container is discovered in a cloakroom, for these pieces of apparel can all be bony to conceal ones true form, face, or identity. The Victoria Station has prevalence to this play as well. The western trail, including the Brighton line, led to the wealthier parts of London while the eastern lane led to places like Chatham and Dover, which were more impoverished. Wilde uses the fact that the baby Jack is at the intersection of these two lines to literally put him in an identity crisis. Does he contend from a poor common family or a rich aristocratic one? Lady Bracknell chose to look on the negative side and judge him as common until proven noble (indecently exposing Wildes contempt for the aristocratic propriety and downright snobbishness). There is however another, more positive way to interpret his discovery at Victo ria Station. Trains are all about moving people to the places where they need to be. Wilde uses Jacks presence at Victoria Station to be a chin-wagging on his social status, suggesting that he has great social mobility that he may have success in climbing up the social ladder to a prestigious position. This is foreshadowed by the fact that hes found specifically on the Brighton line, the road that leads to the richer parts of town. And indeed the story ofEarnestis about Jacks social advancement. In fact, Wilde reveals at the end that Jack is a true member of the aristocracy as part of the Moncrieff family, which makes him a worthy husband for another aristocrat, Gwendolen. So the pic of Jacks orphaning contains aspects, like the ordinary handbag and the cloakroom, to show that he may seem common, only when with the hint of an aristocratic background, through which Wilde reveals Jacks true social identity.The most prevalent reason the characters inThe Importance of Being Earnest l ie is to get out of social or familial duties, to instead do something more enjoyable. Not surprisingly, only a few characters hold honesty in high regard. However, the viewer can see how hard it is for Wildes characters to set things like a shot once theyve lied about them. As the situation gets increasingly complicated, Wilde must weave more complex lies for his character to get out of the tangles of their previous lies. mayhap the most striking thing is that none of the characters ever shows true remorse or guilt about lying. The first examples of lying are the two imaginary number people created by Jack and Algernon, which Wilde uses to symbolize the empty promises or deceit of the puritanic era. Not only is the character Ernest anything but earnest for the majority of the play, but he also doesnt even really exist This makes Jacks creation of him doubly deceitful. Bunbury sounds as ridiculous and fictional as he actually is. twain of these figments of fantasy allow Jack and Algernon to live a lie so as to seem as if they uphold these high moral standards, while in reality are gallivanting some without suffering any repercussions. Jack takes it a bit farther since he actually impersonates his so-called good-for-nothing brother. Even when Jack and Algernon are caught in their lies, they never suffer any real punishment. That they can both kill off their imaginary alter egos or friends without much to-do, shows Victorian societys real values the Victorian era did not value honesty, responsibility, or compassion for the under-privileged (neither Lady Bracknell or Algernon exhibit much pity for Bunbury when he dies), but only style, money, and aristocracy. It is appropriate that the nonexistent characters of Ernest and Bunbury show how alter are the Victorians real concerns.It seems that Wildes main point inThe Importance of Being Earnestis to criticize Victorian society by showing how shallow and hypocritical is it. What do aristocrats do all day? Sit a round, drinking tea, taking shallow gossip, and even gallivanting around under false pretence. What does Lady Bracknell want to see in Jack, her future son-in-law? Money, property, stylishness, and an aristocratic name. She cares little for his character. As the play goes on and we see just how shallow everyones desires are, and we tend to laugh. Wilde does not allow his tone to get too heavy or dark. Instead, we find the characters inThe Importance of Being Ernestamusing.

The Issues Of Fresh Water In Singapore Environmental Sciences Essay

The Issues Of Fresh Water In Singapore environsal Sciences EssaySingapore is an is knock down and urban metropolis state with no rural hinterland and thusly, it has been depending on Malaysia for nearly forty percent or more of its peeing supply. However, Singapore is not short of fresh body of irrigate as it receives an average of around 2,400 mm of rainfall annually. The only constraint faced by the country is capturing and storing as much of this rainfall as possible, on limited amounts of land areas, so as to achieve self-efficiency in weewee issues.Recycling efforts in Singapore started in 1966 when the Jurong Industrial Water Treatment Plant was commissioned to supply industrial body of peeing supply to the Jurong Industrial Estate (JIE). This water comes from treated sewerage effluent and is meant for industrial use in the Jurong area as well as by some(prenominal) oil refineries. The Singapore regime encourages industry and private enterprises to recycle water. Also , tax rebates have been provided for factories that install water-saving course of studyts.Bottles of NEWaterSingapore has also developed NEWater, a three-stage abut which brings waste-water to a quality that is better than that produced by the Public Utilities Board (PUB). Treatment begins with Microfiltration to remove suspended solids, colloidal particles, bacteria and viruses. The next process is Reverse Osmosis, which involves applying of pressure for water to flow from the concentrated side to the less concentrated side through a semi-permeable membrane to remove inorganics alike(p) heavy metals, such(prenominal) as nitrate, chloride, sulphate etc. The third process, Ultra-violet disinfection, is a safety back-up to remove any bacteria or viruses that cannot be removed by Reserve Osmosis.Desalination is a process of removing excess salt from water (eg. oceanwater) to enable it for drinking purposes. It has been used to augment water for some time, but it was not adopted as a subject of policy until recent years. This method is considered successful, as this source of supply produce 12% of Singapores daily water needs. Although desalination be under current amend technology are higher than traditional means of treatment, Singapore has decided to go ahead in the belief that impertinently technologies will reduce the costs further.3. Impoundments and germsSingapore has several impounding reservoirs inland including Seletar, Peirce and MacRitchie etc. To increase storage capacity, seven reservoirs have been developed by damming the river mouths. It was in that context that a plan to maximise prayer of surface resources by extending the present 24.3 square miles of collection grounds to 156 square miles (about 75% of the islands total area) was proposed. However, geological conditions limited the availability of groundwater, hence the plan focused on retrieval of stormwater and water recycling instead.Another reservoir which was built in the recent years was Marina Barrage, which was officially opened on 30th October 2008. Marina Barrage is a dam built across the Marina Channel. Water flows into the reservoir from some of Singapores most well-known waterways, including the Singapore River, Stamford Canal, Rochor Canal, Geylang River and the countrys longest river, Kallang River. Marina Barrage was pictured by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew in 1987, after the great clean-up of the Singapore and Kallang Rivers.Building the barrage on the soft sea bed amidst ever-changing currents and constantly moving marine traffic was a major challenge. From the air, the pump house of the barrage looks like that number 9, which signifies longevity in Chinese. This major engineering science achievement is symbolic of Singapores development as a City of Gardens and Water.How Marina Barrage works?The Barrage acts as a physical barrier to separate the reservoir from the sea. The steel pennant gates of the Barrage will act as a tidal barrier to keep the high tides out. Under normal conditions, the crest gates will remain in an upright position to isolate the reservoir from the sea.During heavy rains that collide with low tide, the steel crest will be lowered to release excess storm water into the sea.During heavy rains that collide with high tide, the steel crest gates remain erect, hence storm water cannot flow out to sea naturally. Instead, large drainage pumps will be operated to pump water out to sea.With the Barrage in place, the pockets of low-lying areas in the city will no longer be prone to flooding.4. Stormwater run-offHarnessing stormwater at minimum cost requires proper land-use planning and pollution control to ensure that stormwater run-off can be efficiently collected and that pollution levels are low. Stormwater harvesting from urban land was consistent with the overall policy of land use in this land-scarce republic, in which land was seen as too valuable for its use to be restricted to a single purpose such a s for housing. In the words of the Minister for interior(a) DevelopmentIf we designate more land for water catchments, there will be less land for housing and other developments. The reverse is also true. Optimising and tap the use of land and water helped the country to overcome constraints to a certain extent. (Adapted from The Straits Times,1996)Singapore was the first country in South-East Asia (SEA) to develop practicable stormwater run-off schemes. Among the various schemes, the Bedok and freeze off Seletar Schemes are the largest. Surface water for these schemes comes mainly from the housing estates and new towns of Ang Mo Kio, Bedok, Tampines and Yishun and the area near Changi International Airport. Water is conveyed to the storage reservoirs of Bedok and Lower Seletar. One important feature of this scheme is the emphasis on close co-ordination between several agencies, such as the Housing Board Development (HDB), the Ministry of the Environment (ENV) and the Planning D epartment, in order to ensure that water collected from urban surfaces is low in pollutants. In addition, the drainage system designed in such a way that it channels water through concrete channels to suitable collection ponds situated at topographic low points. An automatic observe system ensures that only discharges produced by heavy storms resulting in run-off above a certain volume are collected.One example of the innovative approach to stormwater collection is making use of the empty space under the interchange of the Seletar and Bukit Timah expressways for a water collection pond.5. Conservation of waterIn addition to developing and diversifying water resources, water conservation is also key to ensuring a sustainable water supply. Through our various water conservation initiatives, Singapore has managed to reduce domestic help water consumption from 172 litres per capita per day in 1995 to 157 litres in 2007.(Adapted from Conserve, Values and Enjoy by Ministry of Environmen t and Water Resources, 08 July 2008)It is a difficult task to keep looking for new sources of water, but the situation can be improved if we can control our ever-increasing demand of water. To provide water for all, PUB calls on all Singaporean to merriment our part in water conservation and to keep our water catchments and waterways clean so that we can enjoy our water resources.One way to discourage high-spirited use of water is to impose water conservation tax on the amount of water used. This additional tax is added to the price of the water consumed by households and varies gibe to the amount of water they use. A household that consumes more water will pay higher taxes compared to household that used less water.Additionally, there are varieties of activities nonionized to teach Singaporeans to view water as a scarce and precious resource, and to use it wisely. Water conservation talks are conducted in schools and leaflets on water conservation are distributed to households. Water-rationing exercises, where the supply of water to some homes is temporarily cut off, are also carried out in housing estates.Effectiveness of the solutions implemented by governmentSo far, Singapore has been able to tackle the problem of a limited supply of fresh water with the introduction of water reclamation, desalination of sea water and impoundments. Technological innovations in modern society have enabled us to have larger catchment areas, to build dams and to obtain fresh water from sea water and used water.Policies aimed at water conservation have also produced certain positive results. Based on the research conducted by the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, the domestic water use per person has generally fallen between 1995 and 2007, from 172 litres per day to 157 litres per day. This means that Singaporeans are more aware of the challenge they are to face nowadays. creation of water conservation taxes and activities about water conservation also help to spread awareness about the importance of water conservation.Recommendations regarding the current policies from our committee brass can introduce fine of a certain amount of money for over- economic consumption of water. This means that if the households use unusually large amount of water every months, the government could send down the letters to inform them that they have used too much water compared with the national average, and they should manage their usage well from now on or the authority would have to take action in order to save water. In case if the household owners do not take fountainhead of the warnings, they would be fined.Similarly, households have done well in controlling the water usages should be rewards for their effort put in. For example, tax-relief can be introduced to residents who use water-saving devices at home. Measures like this can encourage the people to install water-saving devices in their houses, hence the overall usage of water would graduall y drop to an acceptable level, and the people can be satisfied with rewards given by government for their well-being as the citizens.Examples of water-saving devicesShower headWater-saving tapToilet stopSuch water-saving devices help reduces water usage at our homes. We uses 9 litres of water whenever we flush the stack. A toilet stop can be used to cut down the usage of 9 litres. It is added to the toilet flushing mechanism to stop the flushing when the handle is released. Thus if used wisely it allows people to save up to 20% of their total water bill.

The Character of Alice in Animal Dreams :: Animal Dreams Essays

The Character of Alice in Animal Dreams She is dead. She does not appear physically but haunts mentally. She is Codi and Hallies mother Alice, the late wife of Homero Noline. Throughout the romance Animal Dreams by Barbara Kingsolver, Alice impacted the characters, action, and theme(s). When Alice passed away she took part of Homer with her. What she left was a misfit of time and circumstance an emotionally distraught and distant man who try to resemble a father but veered more than towards the tin man. Homero existed beyond his wife as just now a page out of an instruction manual, the one(a) with the caution statement. Homeros delicate heart decided that the only way to endure Alices death was to flush any remembrance or resemblance of her out of his modify technical realm which throughout the novel becomes increasingly skewed. Kingsolver pushes home this idea by omitting Alice from any of Homers frequent flashbacks which are usually mishaps from the past invo lving his daughters. These incidents are his only recollection of his daughters estranged childhood in which he strained to create slippery and unmothered women. Homers fear of becoming attached to anything which reminded him of Alice resulted in an unorthodox childhood for Hallie and Codi. Homero was more of a child mechanic than a father. Retaining only his technical aptitude after Alice died all he could do was provide his kids with orthopedic shoes and the slump medicine. When not fixing Codi or Hallies present or future ailments Homero took photographs of natural objects and slyly transformed them into man- made devices by doing what he seemed to be best at, distorting images. Codi, confusable to her father mentally blocked out her past. Her childhood remained within her as only a series of stained and misplaced memories. Codi attempted to follow in her fathers emulsion lined footprints, fixing every one of lifes problems with an internal wrench. By approachin g life from behind this falsified image Codi managed to distance herself from everything and everyone who could have hurt her. peerless aspect of life and time in which Codi was bred to be distanced from is the past. As Codi grew older she