Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Businesses

Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Businesses How and why the financial crisis was transmitted to business? To what extent can the new regulatory framework prevent the same errors from occurring twice? Financial crisis, the word most mentioned during the last seven years, people may asking about why it take so long time to recover and how many businesses were been affected. There is no exactly number about how many business went to bankrupt, but at least we know that in comparison with seven years ago, the business methods have been changed in order to be more prepared and to survive in the financial crisis. The new financial laws come out in different countries in order to improve their economic growth, because nobody wants to live again the difficult moment as seven years ago. Remembering how the financial crisis started, and how it affected our live style, beside of to know how to prevent it we have also started to learn about the mistakes that we have made in order to not repeat it again in the future. Backing in this case, because we are the main actor who create the financial crisis, and nowadays we are taking the bad consequences about it. Focusing on the business, in the context of economic globalization that we are living nowadays, the impact of the spread of the financial crisis has apparent in different business affecting directly to their business activities as well as investing activities and financing activities. Faced with the financial crisis, companies in the business activities have to reduce inventory, lower their labor costs, strengthen management of accounts receivable, in the investment activities, they have to reduce investment spending to improve capital efficiency, to seize the investment opportunities in order to improve equity investments, and in financing activities, they have to increase the proportion of loans and take advantage of payable accounts. As the Wall Street investment bank giant Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, the US subprime mortgage crisis in evolved â€Å"rare way† in the global financial crisis, the world economy has had a major impact. In the context of economic globalization, the companies of different countries have not been spared, the impact of the financial crisis to those companies has become more evident. I will explain in bellow how the financial crisis has affected in different activities in the companies. In this case we can focus on the following factors in order to have a clear analysis. The impact on operating income. There were many uncertainties and potential risks of financial crisis, so that people fear the rise in the degree of risk of future employment status and income expectation. When there is poor earnings expectations, people will reduce unnecessary consumption. The consequences will be that people stop consuming because their future prospects of the financial crisis environment was pessimist, and at same time which caused directly the revenue decline in different business. All those factor contributed the economic decline worldwide. The impact on inventory. From a global market perspective, under the influence of subordinated debt, the developed regions hardest hit, the demand of goods in the business is declining. First half of 2008, affected by global inflation, corporate purchase of raw material prices, freight increase (global petrol prices), leading to increased cost of raw materials companies, resulting in the production of goods and manufacturing costs increase accordingly. If not compensated for the price, corporate profits will be compressed. Enterprises are in a transition process of inflation and financial crisis, the orders from the raw materials were often low because the increase of the price which cause directly the production and the pricing. The value will shrink a lot. The more business preparation, may afford to lose more. If the turnover rate of raw materials business is slow, and the expensive products are difficult to compete with low-cost products, it will make companies get in trouble. In addition, different inventory valuation methods will result in product backlog. For example, according to the FIFO method, the business inventories have to be included in the purchase of raw materials, the product cost, cost to be digested by the high price, and during the financial crisis, people do not want to spend a higher price to the consumption, resulting in product sales is not formed out of the backlog. Impact on accounts receivable. Affected by the financial crisis, overseas corporate default rates began to rise, further deterioration of the business of external credit. According to statistics, in May 2008, the local enterprises overseas bad debt rate have grew by about 268 %. Recovery of the purchase price is the full life line, set up a business in the future, according to the sources of funding, which are basically by loan recovery, expand the market, but there is no corresponding mechanism for the recovery of money, and ultimately to bring liquidity shortage, companies eventually will operate difficultly in this process. Increased bad debts or bad debts, taking up excessive liquidity in the enterprises, SMEs, if financing difficulties will inevitably result in cash flow difficulties of enterprises, companies lose the capital, just as humans lose the blood, many enterprises may walk on the edge of life and death, the company today hey, tomorrow may collapse. The impact on operating expenses. Weaken existing market demand, so companies have to rethink new markets, including international markets and domestic markets. In order to expanding domestic demand, so that export-oriented enterprises to offensive domestic market. In order to place in this market, it is necessary to find a way to open it. And the main action is increase the domestic market share, considering that the best way to open the domestic market is to increase ad spending. Since the original domestic market enterprises in the market accounted for a leading position, export-oriented enterprises will offensive fierce competition with domestic enterprises. Intense competition in the market forcing companies to increase the cost of sales and profit margin compression. Of course, open up new international markets also have to pay more of the cost of sales. Impact on labor cost. Because the financial crisis, it is became more expensive to fire the employers, which makes companies stop hire new employers in order to reduce their labor cost. This action has affected directly to the labor market, because there are still a lot of people looking for a job, as the result, people start looking the better job opportunities in other countries and caused as we know the â€Å"brain drain†. Effect of equity investments. Influenced by investor expectations of the future, surrounding the stock market crash, 2008 in the secondary market for some stock investment companies is a disaster of the year. Not to mention the investment income, many have now lost even the principal. For some enterprises, investment entities, due to the poor performance by investment companies, investment companies are allocated to dividends invested enterprises naturally reduced, or even no bonus. Therefore, some companies are considering the sale of subsidiaries, equity investments decrease. But for some small and medium-sized enterprises affected by the financial crisis, the danger lies opportunity. Now new opportunities for enterprise restructuring and supply chain strategic acquisitions. For example, the Big Three US automakers Chrysler go bankrupt if it originally to Chrysler as the leading supply chain will be interrupted immediately, those who do contract work for Chrysler, spare parts supply, logistics transit, channel, terminal services, and the same for those providers secondary product supply, services and raw materials Distance sub-suppliers, distributors who will completely lose the basis of survival. In order to prevent all the impact that we have mentioned before, the following recommendations could be useful for companies which is operating during financial crisis. They may not going to be the perfect solutions, however, they will give us a clear idea about how to face and how to act in the difficult moment. Reduce the inventory. Product demand weakened, difficult to sell their products at once, in which case only a variety of promotional methods to reduce inventory to net realizable funds as quickly as possible. If there were some unmarketable products, we should act decisively, even if production is discontinued or partial pressure, do not let inventories continue to increase. Because the formation of product inventory, not only harder to sell slow-moving products, more important is the product price, likely to cause new losses. Primary Material inventory too, they do not affect the normal production, it should try to do short-term purchase, so raw material inventory to a minimum line to maximize the amount of funds used to shorten the inventory turnover. Product sales to adhere to the cash is king concept, the implementation of cash transactions, or a shorter period to promote the sale of credit receivables. Reduce the labor costs. During the Financial crisis, the companies had a hard time, enterprises are facing the risk of suspension or discontinued, dismissed or forced to dismiss employees. For businesses, they do not want this to occur, not to mention according to the Labor Contract Law in different countries, the enterprises laid off or dismissed employee cost is not small. Therefore, the enterprise benefit drops or downtime, it can adopt flexible working hours, to arrange staff rotation or waiting list. Choose Payment of wages to workers of all or part of their wages or even just send living expenses, both to reduce labor costs, but also to guarantee the basic livelihood of employees, so that employees feel the caring companies and work harder, but also reflects the companys social responsibility. The financial crisis has brought to the enterprise not only dangerous, but also to business opportunities. For some of the less affected by the financial crisis and better management of the enterprise, then the introduction of senior professionals is a great opportunity, because when people lowest cost. There are always hands-on experience of senior personnel shortage, this time just to dig people abroad. In a sense, at a low price to buy the high-level talent, but also a reduction in labor costs of business performance. Use of personnel for the future development of enterprises to provide a guarantee. Strengthen the management of accounts receivable. Faced with the financial crisis, companies should be based on the idea of cash is king,† according to the market situation and make the appropriate changes, to minimize the amount of accounts receivable and credit terms. The larger the amount of accounts receivable, indicating funds purchase units occupy the unit more; the longer the period of credit receivables, indicating that the longer purchase units occupy the unit of time. Therefore, to strengthen the management of accounts receivable. Existing accounts receivable has been formed, it can promote cash discount to attract each other early payments, such as payments within 30 days, give 2-3% cash discount or a higher cash discount, and more than 30 days is not to discount. For possible bad debts or bad debts, should act as soon as possible, such as debt restructuring mode, can recover how much to recover the maximum extent possible to reduce the losses. For the existing products sold Sale, delivery or the month should do the knot and other payment methods. Cannot pay the purchase price or the ability to pay poor business, under exceptional circumstances rather not accept the order. If the goods issue of money being paid, because the product is easy to form a substantial price dispute, but also easy because of the other closed, bankruptcy and other reasons cannot find the debtor and become headless account, to the enterprise caused undue loss. How to speed up a reflux of funds? First, from starting their own businesses, while reducing inventory and strengthen the management of accounts receivable. In addition to increasing the recovery of accounts receivable, the use of the hands of the receivables in the bank financing is also an effective way to revit alize the capital. Financial approach in investing activities. Faced to the financial crisis, different companies have different investment strategies. For deeply affected by the crisis, and low interest, cash-strapped companies to cut costs, reduce investment spending; for some medium-sized enterprises affected by the financial risk has little effect, and effective, well-funded, should seize the investment opportunities, improve equity investment. To reduce the investments spending and improve the capital utilization. Most of our business is driven by investment growth, and sources of funding such investment, in addition to the majority of enterprises have accumulated bank loans or equity financing. Own funds of enterprises invested substantially all operations. In the context of the financial crisis, the excessive dependence on bank loans and equity financing for investment, is not realistic. Because hit by the financial crisis, the bank credit crunch, the stock market plummeted, and remains in the doldrums. For most companies, limited funds can only be used wisely, enterprises should take the initiative to stop the long investment cycle, large-scale investment projects, the limited funds use security production for survival, protection stamina up. A number of new investment projects should see more than move, blind investment companies into deeper causes. All those advises that have mentioned before could be an effective solution to face the financial crisis, however, fix the actual economic system and more control in the sense of the investment and mortgage in order to prevent that the same error happened for twice. In this case, we are not only talking about the banking or investment entities, but the government. From my point of view, the financial crisis happened not only because the bad management of those financial entities, but the government has also the major responsibilities, since they let the companies follow the crisis trend which means, no one of them has thought about the consequences could be. Of course, nowadays the government try their best in the sense of economic recovery, some of the countries saw the result very soon, but others are still suffering the financial crisis consequences, countries as Greece, Italy, Spain and so on, they are the most affected countries in Europe, people may ask about why there’s some countries only take few years to recover the economic and other which still in the recession. And the only answer will be the government decision making, if they made a correct one, it may benefit to whole country, if not, as we have already see with some countries, cut in public funds, as education or health and so on. So in order to make sure that it is not going to happened again, the main recommendation is to start to stablish some specific financial rules for financial entities as well as for countries, make sure everything are under control and once detect again the appeal of other financial crisis, at least they are ready to face it and make sure the economic damage is going to be as low as possible. Even though we are still in the recession process, and there are still a lot of enterprises fighting for survive in this crucial moment, however we should have an optimistic vision about the future, since Xiao Jing Ye Letter account: 2500 REFERENCES Altunbas, Yener. Manganelli Simone and Ibanez Marques David. (2011).Risk during the Financial Crisis. Do Business matter? European Central Bank. Retrieved: 02/05/2015, from  https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1394.pdf Cole Rebel A. (2012) How Did the Financial Crisis Affect Small Business Lending in the United States? DePaul University Chicago. Retrieved: 02/05/2015, from https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/rs399tot.pdf Fox Justin (2013). What we’ve learned from the Financial Crisis. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved: 02/05/2015, from  https://hbr.org/2013/11/what-weve-learned-from-the-financial-crisis HONG LIANG YU (2009). Impact of Financial Crisis on Finance corporate. JiangXi Provincial Party School of CPC, Nanchang 33003, China. Retrieved: 02/05/2015, from http://www.nai.edu.cn/mscaaf/info/b2/14.pdf Perlberg Steven (2014). The 27 Scariest Moments of the Financial Crisis. Business Insider. Retrieved: 02/05/2015, from http://www.businessinsider.com/financial-crisis-scariest-moments-2014-9?op=1#ixzz3ZRU8g85g à ¦Ã‚ ½Ã‹Å"à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ (2014). à ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ °Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã… ¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"â€Å"à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" . à ¦Ã‚ µÃ… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¸Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¢. Retrieved: 02/05/2015, from  http://www.diyilunwen.com/lwfw/gjmy/6178.html à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã… ¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ §Ã‚ ­-à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾Ã‚ .à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 2010à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °.à §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¦-†¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬Å". Retrieved: 02/05/2015, from  http://wenku.baidu.com/view/f85b9a6448d7c1c708a14544.html

FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT: EARLY LANGUAGE STIMULATION, LITERATE COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENT Essay

FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT: EARLY LANGUAGE STIMULATION, LITERATE COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENT; STORY READING QUOTES â€Å"If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own language, that goes to his heart.† ― Nelson Mandela â€Å"Your children can be around you all day, but if you don’t spend quality time with them and you don’t pay attention to them and talk to them and listen to them, it doesn’t matter that they’re just around you.† ―Brandy Norwood â€Å"The man who does not read has no advantage over the man who cannot read.† ― Mark Twain INTRODUCTION Language and literacy development does not begin in the first day a child attends school. Human beings develop language, even before actual words are formed in spoken language. From the time of birth, children’s literacy is influenced significantly by their family and environment. Their teachers serve as only one influence on the road to developing adequate literacy skills. This term paper is about the factors affecting development: early language stimulation, literate communities and environment; story reading that helps you to know how children acquire language and become literate. It enables you to understand how children learn language, the role of others in supporting this learning, and how a child becomes a reader and writer. Learning language and becoming literate are shown to be social, interactive processes. []In some cases, it also appoints people who live and work with very young children to interact with them in an appropriate way and to provide developmentally appropriate experience to support their development. Therefore, the vital role of others in supporting children’s learning is emphasized throughout this term paper. OBJECTIVES * To be ableto acknowledgeand understand these factors affect the language and literacy development of a child. * To be aware of how these factors affect the feelings of the child. * To be able to know how these factors affect the actions of a child as it grow and learn. Children likely to develop literacy skills when the day they born. However, there are several factors that affect a child to develop and master the language and literacy; these some factors are in the following: 1. Children living in poverty One of the most significant factors affecting children’s learning and development is growing up in an area of social deprivation. Deprivation has a negative impact on educational attainment. In the long term children who grow up in poverty leave school with fewer qualifications and skills, which in turn affects jobs and employment. Poverty is linked to poorer health and has been shown to have a negative impact on engagement with society; for example, an increased likelihood that an individual will engage in criminal activity.[] 2. Income and material deprivation A low income has been shown to mean a lack access to books, computers, and other reading materials and space to study quietly. It affects the quality of the home environment and neighborhood as low income restricts where families can live. There may be no quiet spaces in which to work to or sleep and this has an impact on emotional well-being. Children’s diets may be  inadequate because of lack of money, and poor nutrition can lead to physical changes that affect cognitive ability and performance of the brain. [] 3. Health Low birth weight is more likely in children from lower socioeconomic groups and this is associated with risks to cognitive and physical development throughout childhood. Poorer children are likely to suffer poorer health throughout their childhood, including chronic illness. [] 4. Cultural and social capital, and the experience of schooling Some research has suggested that a lack of social and cultural capital leads to low attainment for children living in poverty. I am suggested that children from lower socioeconomic groups have different background knowledge skills and interests that aren’t reflected in the school curriculum. The differences in cultural capital mean that the curriculum is more difficult for these children to access. The Social Exclusion Task Force reported that young people in deprived communities often lack social capital: access to sources of inspiration, role models, support and opportunity and even those children with high aspirations were found to lack the understanding about what to do to achieve their goals. [] 5. Deficiencies from Inadequate Diets A common problem for young children who do not eat enough meats and green vegetables is lack of iron, which results in chronic fatigue. Serious iron deficiencies lead to iron-deficiency anemia, a common nutrient deficiency. Some children may be malnourished even though they consume enough calories. These children fill up on â€Å"empty† non-nutritional calories (such as those found in cookies, and potato chips) and fail to eat enough healthful foods. Undernourished children tend to have stunted growth and delayed motor development. They are also are at risk for cognitive disabilities such as  low levels of attention, learning impairments, and poor academic school-related performance.[] 6. Functional Isolation Functional isolation results from direct and indirect effects of poor environment and inadequate nutrition. Diminished brain from stimulation–influences children’s behavior. The children may become more wary, easily tires, less attentive, and less playful, and they rarely show delight and pleasure. Because these children are not very responsive, caregivers do not interact with them much.[] 7. Parents as Teachers Probably the most important one is spending time with children. Although most parents are aware of the importance of reading to their children, not all parents routinely provide this type of experience. Many children are read to very little or not at all, and how often children are read to varies by income level and the race/ethnicity of the family.[] 8. Parent-child relationship This is concerns with social-emotional and interpersonal aspects that relate to literacy practices. The absence of such relationships can be a detrimental factor in a child’s emergent literacy development.[] 9. Parental Characteristics There are two characteristics, the culture, ethnicity and parental beliefs. Culture and ethnicity affects areas such as the expectations for education, the patterns for language use in bilingual families (e.g., primary language used at home, language of the community, bilingual education).Parental beliefs include the family’s beliefs about the importance and role of the educational system in the literacy development of their children.[] 10. Child Characteristics It include the child’s level of engagement and social interaction in literacy-related activities, as well as language proficiency, cognitive abilities, developmental achievements, motivation, attention, and health conditions that might affect language and literacy development. Each of the child characteristics can influence the extent to which a child can use the support that the environment provides for early literacy learning. For example, the substantial body of research demonstrating that preschool children with language delays are at a significant risk for later difficulties in learning to read indicates that factors within the child can influence emergent literacy development.[] 11. Home LiteracyEnvironment It includes such aspects as book sharing between parents and children, parents reading aloud with their children, print materials being available to the children, and parents’ positive attitudes towards literacy activities. The home literacy environment is comprised of both direct and indirect literacy-related events. Direct literacy related events are those in which the child engages, such as book sharing with a parent or labeling the printed letters of the alphabet. Indirect literacy-related events are those about which the child learns through the observation of individuals as they engage in those activities (e.g., reading the newspaper, writing notes). [] 12. Teenage Mother Teenage mothers generally have less knowledge of child development than mothers who postpone childbearing. The teenage mother’s lack of general knowledge in child development can affect the child’s cognitive achievement and behavioral adjustment in school. The lack of understanding of development knowledge behavior can affect the language and literacy of the child that may lead to physical and emotional harm. [] 13. Sex Boys are faster than the girls in learning to talk. Compared to girls the mean length of sentence uttered by boys is less. The comprehension vocabulary is also small in case of boys. Boys commit more grammatical errors and their pronunciation is less accurate. Sex differences in favor of girls remain and become quite pounced with every increase in age.[] 14. Intelligence Intelligence plays a vital role in language development. Babbling at an early age is better predictor of child of child’s intelligence. Children of high intelligence show better linguistic competence both in vocabulary, length of sentences uttered and correctness of sentence structure.[] 15. Twins Twins and triplets are slower to learn the language than the single child. Their vocabulary skill is so faster than the twins.[] 16. Bilingual Homes In bilingual homes the child face several problems to the language because the learn more than two languages at a time so it is very difficult to child to remember the two or three languages at a time.[] 17. Language of Deaf and Hearing-Impaired Children Children with hearing impairments often do not develop oral language skills as fully as other children do, but they are quite capable of acquiring a language of gestures called American Sign Language.[] But as these factors affect the language and literacy development of a child however there are ways to avoid this if people will apply some circumstances like as the following: 1. Teacher & Parents Parents should promote cognitive development by constructing an optimal learning environment in the home-they provide materials, experiences, and encouragement that help children to become curious explorers of their worlds. When children are exposed to a large variety of learning materials in a safe environment and when they receive encouragement for learning, they score higher on tests of language development and cognitive development than do children with less stimulating environments.[] 2. Story Telling -storytelling to children, exposing the child to different play things, naming the object describing the object.[] 3. Family Support – parent(s) and/or primary caregiver(s) provide the child with high levels of consistent and predictable love, physical care, and positive attention in ways that are responsive to the child’s individuality.[] 4. Positive Family Communication – parent(s) and/or primary caregiver(s) express themselves positively and respectfully, engaging young children in conversations that invite their input.[] 5. Caring Climate in Child Care and Educational Settings – caregivers and teachers create environments that are nurturing, accepting, encouraging, and secure.[] 6. Time at Home – the child spends most of her or his time at home participating in family activities and playing constructively with parent(s) guiding TV and electronic game use.[] 7. Early Literacy – the child enjoys a variety pre-reading activities including adults reading to her or him daily, looking at and handling books, playing with a variety of media, and showing interest in pictures, letters, and numbers.[] SUMMARY Developing language and literacy in early childhood can be affect by several factors; it can be a barrier or a key to early childhood from successful development in language and literacy. Those factors as barriers that affect the language and literacy development of children are children living in poverty, income and material deprivation, health, cultural and social capital, and the experience of schooling, deficiencies from inadequate diets, functional isolation, parents as teachers, parent-child relationship, parental characteristics, child characteristics, home literacy environment, teenage mother, sex, intelligence, twins, bilingual homes and language of deaf and hearing-impaired but if you sum up these factors the general outcome are family and environment. The family is the first one who will expose the child in language and literacy by teaching them before entering the school and before to interact in other human being while the environment will enhance what information they get from home and will also improve their understanding. But these hindrances can be prevented if the family of the child willing to give them a quality time in spite of many obstructions they has besides it is their responsibility to their children, they should give them a positive communication by talking to them often, reading them a story or giving them an activities that will help to develop their language and literacy. While when the children interact in the surroundings, family should guide them and know the limitation of their child on who they will interact with. This term paper can helps the parents how they will develop the language and literacy of their children and it also helps to guide them in the right way while growing and learning new things. REFERENCES Neaum, S. (2010).Child Development for Early Childhood Studies.Southernhay East, Britain: Learning Matters Ltd. Fabes, R.& Martin, C. L. (2011).Discovering Child Development.USA: Houghton MifflinCompany. 3rded. Wasik, B. H. (Ed.) (2012). Handbook of Family Literacy.Third Avenue, New York: Routledge.2nd ed. Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) (2011). Emergent literacy and language development: promoting learning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY: The Guilford Press. 2nd ed. Neaum, S. (2012).Language and Literacy for the Early Years.London: Learning Matters. Brown, A. I. (2010). Children of Teenage Mothers: school readiness outcomes and predictors of school success. United States: ProQuest LLC. Nisha, M. (2009).Milestone of Child Development.India: Kalpaz Publication. VanderVen, K. (2011). Promoting Positive Development in Early Childhood: Building Blocks for a Successful Start. NY: Springer. 2nded. ACTIVITY A. Answer DA if that factors Does Affect the language and literacy development of a child and DNA if it is a factor that Does Not Affect the development of language and literacy of a child. ____ 1. Poverty ____ 2. Ball ____ 3. Parents ____ 4. Doll ____ 5. Income ____ 6. Health ____ 7. Culture ____ 8. Quality Time ____ 9. Teacher ____ 10. Material Deprivation B. Multiple Choice. Encircle the best answer for the following. 1. This factor is concerned with social-emotional and interpersonal aspects that relate to literacy practices. The absence of such relationships can be a detrimental factor in a child’s emergent literacy development. a. Parent-child relationship b. Parent and Teachers relationship c. None of the above 2. In this factor, the low birth weight is more likely in children from lower socioeconomic groups and this is associated with risks to cognitive and physical development throughout childhood. a. Spiritual Aspect b. Poverty c. Health 3. This factor is linked to poorer health and has been shown to have a negative impact on engagement with society; for example, an increased likelihood that an individual will engage in criminal activity. a. Health b. Deficiency c. Poverty 4. This factor has been shown to mean a lacked access to books, computers, and other reading materials and space to study quietly. a. Child b. Low Income c. Health 5. This factor is the child face several problems to the language because the learn more than two languages at a time so it is very difficult to child to remember the two or three languages at a time. a. Functional Isolation b. Low Income c. Bilingual Homes Answer Key: A. Answer DA if that factors Does Affect the language and literacy development of a child and DNA if it is a factor that Does Not Affect the development of language and literacy of a child. 1. DA 2. DNA 3. DA 4. DNA 5. DA 6. DA 7. DA 8. DA 9. DA 10. DA B. Multiple Choice. Encircle the best answer for the following. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) Emergent literacy and language development: promoting learning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY: The Guilford Press. 2011. p24. 2nd ed. [ 3 ]. Neaum, S. Child Development for Early Childhood Studies. Southernhay East, Britain: Learning Matters Ltd. 2010. p132. [ 4 ]. Ibd p132. [ 5 ]. Ibd p132. [ 6 ]. Ibd p132. [ 7 ]. Fabes, R. & Martin, C. L. Discovering Child Development. USA: Houghton: Mifflin Company. 2011. 3rd ed [ 8 ]. Ibd [ 9 ]. Ibd [ 10 ]. Wasik, B. H. (Ed.) Handbook of Family Literacy. Third Avenue, New York: Routledge. 2012. 2nd ed. [ 11 ]. Rhyner, P. M. (Ed.) Emergent literacy and language development: promoting learning in early childhood. Spring Street, NY: The Guilford Press. 2011. p24-25. 2nd ed. [ 12 ]. Ibd p25. [ 13 ]. Ibd p25. [ 14 ]. Brown, A. I. Children of Teenage Mothers: school readiness outcomes and predictors of school success. United States: ProQuest LLC. 2009. p38. [ 15 ]. Nisha, M. Milestone of Child Development. (India: Kalpaz Publication. 2010. p196. [ 16 ]. Ibd p196. [ 17 ]. Ibd p196. [ 18 ]. Ibd p196. [ 19 ]. Neaum, S. Language and Literacy for the Early Years.London: Learning Matters. 2012. [ 20 ]. Fabes, R. & Martin, C. L. Discovering Child Development.USA: Houghton: Mifflin Company.2011. 3rd ed [ 21 ]. Nisha, M. Milestone of Child Development. India: Kalpaz Publication. 2009. p196. [ 22 ]. VanderVen, K. Promoting Positive Development in Early Childhood: Building Blocks for a Successful Start. NY: Springer. 2011. p8. 2nd ed. [ 23 ]. Ibd p8. [ 24 ]. Ibd p9. [ 25 ]. Ibd p10. [ 26 ]. Ibd p11.

Analysis Of Flaubert s Madame Bovary, Toni Morrison s...

Marriage is a covenant where two become one, cleaving to one another. The marital agreement between a man and a woman is a perpetual relationship establishing a covenant not a contract. As written on the Family Life website, Pat Ennis and Lisa Tatlock stated â€Å"A covenant cannot be broken if new circumstances occur. A contract can be voided by mutual consent.† In other words, the bond established by the man and the woman is an ongoing unending commitment to each another. In Gustave Flaubert’s â€Å"Madame Bovary,† Toni Morrison’s â€Å"Sula† and Kate Chopin’s two short stories â€Å"The Storm† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† we see disloyalty, complex love, misery, unfulfillment and importantly, infidelity supposed matrimony. In the story â€Å"Madame Bovary,† Emma’s marriage is dull and uninteresting, her position as a wife and mother fails to make her happy or pleased. She has affairs with a man, named Rodolphe who is manipulative and seducing, also Leon who is a young musician. After she falls into misconduct she is still yet disappointed and unfulfilled in her desire for a meaningful life. For Emma, â€Å"†¦ all the bitterness of life seemed to be served to her on a plate†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Flaubert 62). She was angry and unhappy, with painful emotions – trying to fill a void within herself. Emma’s unfulfillment and ardent subjectivity boiled up to her breaking the covenant to her husband. Marriage as we must know, is ongoing despite the conditions. â€Å"Can two walk together except

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Team Work - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1038 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? After forming our team, we vote a team leader to lead the team. The team leader is in charge of formulating and delegating the tasks according to the strengths of individual members. This form also allows team members to be organised on comparative advantage grounds with each members operating in their area of specialisation resulting the lowest opportunity cost during the project process. For example, some excel at coming up with the creative ideas, while others who are more meticulous can work out the small details and there are those who have the ability to communicate the overall big picture to the rest of the team. There are also others who can be counted on when it comes to implementing and follow through the whole project. Others who can speak well will be nominated to present. The key takeaways is that when a team work together, it has a huge range of skills available that can be tap on and utilise to deliver the best results. Using this approach, valuable time wil l be put to good use, leading to achieving maximisation of the end product. Next, speed is very crucial is finishing the project as we are faced with a tight schedule. Beside the deadline to meet, we also need to accommodate to each members schedule as most members are working. For example, our project that required intensive research, implementing it and pulling together as a whole proposition is allocated to one member to complete it; it could take more than the required time to complete the project. And due to the heavy workload on the particular member, there is also a high possibility of achieving sub- standard for the project. Therefore working in team enable the group to split up the workload, ensuring that the project schedule will be completed on time. Different members acquired different skills and knowledge. By utilising and mixing all of these different attributes in our team, more ideas can be generated during brainstorming session. As more ideas are generated, mo re creative solutions are generated, leading to better results. For example while discussing about our individual research in regards to Singapore employment key trends, challenges and issues during our brainstorming sessions; we are able to stimulate each other mind to generate ideas and solutions to our problems. During this period of discussion, transfer of nowledge will takes place as each member’s idiosyncratic information is shared among other members. And this idiosyncratic information is important as we are able to broaden our views and learn from each member’s knowledge and point of view. Discussions in a team are important to achieve creative ideas and solutions. However more than often this will also open up to a wide range of options which will result in a dilemma to choose the best solution. If we spend too much time figuring on choosing the best solution, we will remain stagnant and never move forward, impending on our project progress. In this team si tuation, other members can act as a sounding board, vetting through the options and choose the best agreed solution that is most likely to achieve the purpose and goal of the project. Working in a team can also create both the right support and satisfaction needed to complete the project. For example, there are times when team cannot progress with the project due to reason like lack of ideas; members can relied on the camaraderie spirit, support and encouragement to ride thru the down period. This significant energy is important in achieving the desired results. However working in a team has its kickbacks as well. There might be the possibility of the incentive dilution effect. In economic point of view, incentive dilution effect is caused by free- rider situation leading to the non-excludability of rewards. The free rider situation occurs when individuals in a group consume more or pay less than their fair share of a common resource, hence it will be hard to determine or measure free rider contribution to the team. For example, each team member is assigned to different areas of research and findings; however one particular member did not perform to expectation and did not put in enough effort to perform the duties. Under such circumstances, non-excludability of rewards step in when this particular member rides on other members’ effort and hard work and claim contribution in making this project a success. Beside the free-rider effects, if communicating and understanding how each group member work has not developed, it may also pose a problem in completing the project. As a result conflicts will take place; cooperation within the team will be hard to compromised, therefore leading to a high transaction cost of coordination. For example, lack of understanding and cooperating with group members might lead to using more time than required to complete the project. This is an example of high transaction costs. The lower the transaction costs is, the more benefits the team will gained. To counter the problems faced in working in a team, we can shrink the number of members to reduce the free-rider effects. As the larger the team is, the greater the free-rider effect would be. In a large team, communication within group members may not be specific enough, resulting in issues not receiving necessary focus or attention. On top of that, if members are not performing to the duties assigned to them, resulting in diminishing returns, we can use the rotation policy to assign the duties to other members to increase the flow of information. In short, working in a team is definitely more beneficial as compare to working individually; there will be more outputs in term of higher efficient work rate and more creative ideas being generated to complete the project. When we speak about teamwork, it is also about understanding how each individual member’s works and to tap on each member’s different ability and knowledge to pro duce quality work within the given deadline. However to achieve maximum benefits by working in a team, there are few issues like the free-rider effect and the risk of high transaction costs that needed to be manage carefully. If not manage carefully, time and resources like member’s knowledge will come to waste. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advantages And Disadvantages Of Team Work" essay for you Create order

Multicultural Education Is An Essential Component Of...

â€Å"Multicultural education is an essential component of school reform. Nevertheless, when it is mentioned, many people first think of lessons in human relations and sensitivity training, units about ethnic holidays, education in inner-city schools, or food festivals. If multicultural education is limited to these issues, the potential for substantive change in schools is severely diminished† (Nieto, 2012, pp. 40). Just exactly what is multicultural education and how do we as educators incorporate it into not only our classes, but into our curriculum and even more, our everyday lessons? The education system is made up of a wildly diverse group of people. Students are sitting in classrooms from all types of backgrounds, plus coming to school with a wide variety of needs. Where at one point in time it was taboo to discuss one’s differences, we were to focus on how we are all alike. We as a group have come to acknowledge that it is okay to be different. We don’t h ave to be like everybody else. â€Å"As the world seems to be getting smaller and smaller with the widespread use of technology, the importance of multicultural education in K-12 classrooms grows exponentially. Students who have access via the internet to international gaming, shopping, and social media sites need an even better understanding of the similarities and differences between their own cultural and those of the world around them† (Chitton, 2015). The biggest obstacle concerning multicultural educationShow MoreRelatedMulticultural Education : Characteristics And Goals1434 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribes in his book Multicultural Education: Characteristics and Goals, multicultural education is the idea behind creating equal educational opportunities for all students, independently of their race, ethnicity, or social-class. It is an important influencing factor of the school environment that reflects the diverse cultural groups of its community. Multicultural education is also the process teachers and administrators follow in order to achieve the ideal of equal education opportunities (1997)Read MoreJohn Dewey on Education1904 Words   |  8 PagesNoddings impacted our system of education in very profound ways. Dewey believed that there should be communication between the student and the teacher. Adler believed that schools should only teach the traditional courses (English, Math, Science, Social Studies and Foreign Language). Noddings believed that teachers should be more caring towards their students. John Dewey’s idea of education greatly affected our system of education today. John Dewey’s ideas for education were to concentrate on students’Read MoreETH305V Assign 2 15 June 444961334126 Words   |  17 Pagestowards someone. Social conflicts can be generated by racism, prejudice, and stereotyping; therefore efforts need to be made to reduce racist tendencies and prejudice in order to correct stereotyping. Ways of achieving this include more awareness education, and contact between the stereotyped and those who form stereotypes, as well as the accurate portrayal of individuals and groups in literature. ii) Stereotypes (3) Stereotyping takes place when we conjure mental categories where one deposits peopleRead More The Importance of Foreign Language Education Essay3555 Words   |  15 PagesThe Importance of Foreign Language Education The main goal of learning a new language is to be able to communicate in that language. The ERIC database’s thesaurus defines language proficiency as the capacity of a person to accurately and fluently communicate using language (Language Proficiency, 2004). While gaining this ability is a main reason for studying a foreign language, there are many other reasons why everyone should take the time to do so. Occupational, cultural and developmental benefitsRead MoreDual Language4991 Words   |  20 PagesTable of Contents Abstract 2 Features of Dual Language Education Programs 4 Assessment and Accountability 6 Curriculum 6 Instruction 7 Staff Quality 10 Professional Development 12 Program Structure 14 Family and Community 16 Support and Resources 17 Conclusion 18 References 20 Abstract What is Dual language? Dual language is a form of bilingual education that teaches students, as young as pre-k programs, literacy andRead MoreParent Involvement2716 Words   |  11 Pagesboth schools and teachers play in creating an atmosphere conducive to parents becoming actively involved in the educational process. Parental involvement refers to a parent or family members participation and contribution to their childs schooling. These contributions can take place in or outside of the school, with the objective of improving a child’s learning. Parental involvement at home can include activities such as helping with homework or reading with the child. Involvement at school mayRead MoreThe Roles of a Counselor2069 Words   |  9 Pagespopulations (Gladding el at., 2010). This is very important ,specifically for counselors who will work in America, because America is considered to be such a diverse country. With America being such a culturally diverse country, counselor s must develop multicultural counseling competencies to treat effectively. According to Gladding and Newsome (2010), community and mental health counselors promote client well-being on multiple levels by providing prevention services and treatment for a wide range of clientsRead MoreCurriculum : A Matter Of Perspectives Essay2200 Words   |  9 PagesCurriculum: A Matter of Perspectives Curriculum is a term often highlighted during discourse about education and most commonly understood as a policy with overt leaning outcomes for teachers to apply and achieve. Ornstein and Hunkins (1998), as cited by Selvaraj (2010), defined curriculum based on two lenses; micro and macro, which identify the term as both policy towards certain goals and what students experience with consideration for relevant theories and principles central to its developmentRead MoreEssay on Assessment in Special Education3693 Words   |  15 PagesAssessment in Special Education Abstract Sometimes the general education program alone is not able to meet the needs of a child with disabilities, and he/she may be able to receive special education services. The evaluation process can be a very difficult task when trying to identify if the child qualifies for special education, schools often have a pre-referral intervention process. The most prominent approached used today is the â€Å"response-to-Intervention† or RTI. Special Education teachers faceRead MoreEducating For Citizenship And Democracy2593 Words   |  11 Pagesdemocracy In general, education has two purpose, one is for individual development, another is for social and nation needs. Development of individuals through education is well known, such as getting a high-paid job, being more intelligent, having a more successful life. But individual and social aims of education are complementary to one another. However, I believe educating for citizenship and democracy is one of the most important aims because education is not only about learning, but

Federal Reserve Eco 372 Free Essays

Economic strategy can overwhelm some, but one who understands the idea of how money can stimulate or dissolve the economic market obtains an understanding of the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve is a bank in which other banks loan and call upon when in need. The Federal Reserve Bank ensures all funds in Community and other federally accredited banks, also known as FDIC. We will write a custom essay sample on Federal Reserve Eco 372 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though the Federal Reserve is a bank it is impacts the economic growth or decline in ways of monetary policy and stimulation or dissolve. The Federal Reserve Bank uses a tactic known as discount rate, which is the term used for the interest charged for loans by banks. When the discount rate is low, banks can increase the amount of loans offered, as well as lower the interest rate in their location. When the discount rate is high, banks will decrease the number of loans and raise the interest rates they charge. The Federal Reserve can use the power of the discount rate to increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation. Banks may even need to â€Å"share† the excess or surplus of funds in their reserves with another bank; this is known as Fed Funds. These funds carry an interest rate as well. The interest rate may be higher or lower depending on the Federal Reserve. The higher the interest rate the more likely a bank is wanting to loan to another bank. If it is lower the desire will be undesirable. The Discount and Fed Funds rate correspond, the Discount rate is normally set slightly below the Fed Funds rate in effort to increase the money in circulation. When the discount rate is above the Fed Fund rates then the money in circulation is decreased. The Federal Reserve Bank is located in each region to allow for an even distribution among the United States. Each of the Reserve Banks are governed by the Federal Reserve System’s Board of Governors who have been nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Board are then appointed by the President from the confirmed members. The members’ term are each 14 years in length, with new members being nominated and confirmed every two years on even-numbered years. The Chairman and Vice Chairman will serve for four years in the respective title without affecting their member status on the Board. The Federal Reserve Board of Governors will assist in recommending stimulus programs when needed. These programs assist in building the economy without relying on the banking or finance industry heavily. Expansionary and Contractionary Fiscal Policy may also be needed when programs seem to be ineffective. After one has been able to learn the basics of how the Federal Reserve works then the process of understanding the measures needed to affect the economic outcome may become easier to understand. This process is done by the way of government involvement with the budget, fiscal and monetary policy. Each of the procedures are meant to assist in building the economic stability, and to help ensure the soundness of the United States currency. Every congressional budget planning session affects the need for the monetary policies for the Federal Reserve. After the Board of Governors is nominated and confirmed they are ready to get in and work on stabilizing the economy along with the monetary policies needed to build for the future. The Board of Governors will sit in position for 14 years, this will allow them to see and gain a better understanding of the true economic cycle. This will allow for a better gage on the flow of the economic path. After obtaining an understanding of the Federal Reserve, one will be able to identify and understand the measures taken to assist in maintaining the proper stabilization in which employment increases and the economic market is sustained by the open market. The open market is maintaining by the buyers and sellers in the economy. These are the businesses people work and shop at daily. The major focus on the economic model is the open market and this is apparent with the Federal Reserve and the tools for the monetary policy. How to cite Federal Reserve Eco 372, Essay examples

Business Intercultural Communication Marketing Field

Question: Describe about the Business Intercultural Communication for Marketing Field. Answer: Introduction The skill, art or activity which helps us convey messages, learning and lessons across other people is what communication is all about. Communication is used since the oldest era of time in various ways for making sense of something. Learning how to communicate involves reading, studying how to express ones views to others, to observe how others express themselves and adapt all these learning to the present work. Whether it is texting a friend for a lunch date or making an office presentation or creating a business report, everywhere communication is needed. Effective communication is the key determinant of the success of any business and needs practice, preparation and persistence to develop it (LardBucket.org, 2012). Being in the marketing field makes me realize the role of effective business communication in promotion of products and services. There are many forms of business communication. Using these forms organizations communicate in between their employees and managers in an internal environment and develop strategies for business operations and marketing. On the external frontier once again business communication tools are used to make consumers aware about the benefits of the products and services offered. For every business the most important activity is marketing. The role of business communication is vast in the marketing activities of the economic marketplace (Vitez, 2013). The role of business communication is vast in the marketing activities of the economic marketplace (Vitez, 2013). Article 1: Definition: Principles which helps us making a judgement about whether a thing is right or wrong is considered to be ethics. Ethical communication is the practice where people are treated in a fair manner, honest communication is made and any kind of unethical or immoral behavior is avoided. Paralanguage are the non phonemic parts present in a speech which communicates unsaid things. These are the tempo, pitch and contours made intentionally in our verbal expressions while communicating. The following two communication techniques are used by me in my marketing communications:- Journal Article: Non-verbal communication - It is believed that when a communication occurs hearing out what is not being said is actually the most crucial element of communication (Drucker, 2011). Another author A.Barbour who has written a book named Louder than Words: Nonverbal Communication explains that any important message is made up of three crucial elements. An ideal communication constitutes of 7% of verbal words, 38% of vocal pitch, rhythm and tone and 55% of facial expressions and body gestures (Mujezinovic, 2011). Communication competence - Communicative competence is the practice, knowledge or the ability for using communicative skills efficiently. This is technically termed as communication competence. There are four parts to it. These are linguistic, discourse, sociolinguistic and strategic. Linguistic form of communicative competence is the knowledge of how to use syntax, grammar and vocabulary in the language spoken so that communication happens effectively. Sociolinguistic competence is the skill of understanding how to use and transport or respond words spoken and how using language one can appropriately convey messages in a given topic or setting. Discourse competence is interpretation of communicative languages in a broader concept and how one can construct language in longer stretches thus making a meaning of the entire coherent whole. Strategic competence of communication is realizing and repair breakdowns in communication to fill gaps in between communication, language spoken or us ed and understanding.(Nordquist, 2016) Analyse and Explain: In my current job as the marketing manager of a lifestyle cosmetic product for men the above concepts are used in real time. It helps me improve my ability to understand communications which is subtle. Application: Such genres of communication is used while we pitch product ideas and campaigns to our customers. Not only does effective communication help communicate with the subordinates but also with the management and consumers (GMAT, 2016). Article 2: Definition: The second article is about how with effective presentations sales can b e generated effectively in an organization. Presentation skills are of extremely important in an organization. Especially when pitching a new idea, product or a service. However, the quality of such a presentation will make or break an offer or a buying decision of the customer. Hence, this article really helped me be aware of the need of presentation skills. As a method to win more business following two presentation methodologies and communicational apprehensions are used by firms: Journal Article: Communication Apprehension - The anxiety or fear related emotions associated with a real communication or a perceived communication in between people, team or an individual is termed as communication apprehension. Basically it is a psychological interpretation or assumption of an evaluation made during a communication. It happens within a fraction of a second. For the mind such an instant apprehension is a threat. An overdrive situation is experienced by the circulatory system of the body and the adrenal system. It is a situation of fight or flight in such cases and in most cases people stand and start talking. Communication apprehension is deep installed in our minds. It helps us respond better to stress and develop a smart mechanism for the body. (McCroskey, 2011) Types of organizational presentations - In the world of business presentations form a crucial part. These are sales presentations, motivational, informational, interviews, first encounters, status reports, briefings, training sessions and a lot more. Every presentation has a purpose associated with it. These are informing a message, persuading and building up of goodwill (Businesstown, 2016). Organizational presentations, Importance and Types The skill and practice of showcasing or explaining a particular content or a subject to the learner or an audience are what are known as presentation. A good well structured presentation is an absolute must in the internal and external communications in an organization. A presentation if it is made well it becomes very easy for the listener to listen it and perceive it. Presentation skills can be improved in any organization if the know-how of presentation is learnt or taught. A great focus if given nowadays in my company to presentation skills . Analyse and Explain: As a marketing manager of my company which deals in online clothing line for men, women and kids, I go through a lot of meetings and product pitching. However, such elaborate meetings cannot be just verbal. Presenting the minutes of the meeting in the form of a well designed and interesting presentation becomes absolutely necessary. The entire presentation and documentation is logical in nature. And hence it is in absolute details. Thus it helps the person being addressed have the entire meeting summarized into few slides. Company meetings now a days do not bind itself to conference rooms only. For me, we undergo many meetings over the web and use communication tools like Skype. When reaching out to the world audience we often use advertisements, events, and video presentations. In all these organizational presentation plays a big role. These techniques are taught to the entire team even to the junior levels (Swathi, 2015). That way one gains a lot of confidence and competence when presenting an idea. Application: I will be able to use the ideas in the following manner. Ideas backed up with powerful presentation helps understanding occur fast and precise. Some of the ideas include, architectural framework of presentations which include chronological aspect i.e. everything should be in perfect order, sequential aspect, spatial aspect, climactic aspect, problem-solution attitude, compare-contrast attitude, cause-effect aspect and advantage-disadvantage aspects (Duarte, 2016). Article 3: Definition: The third article discusses the effectiveness of team meetings on the effective performance of teams in organizations. I can myself sync with this idea as in my organization as a marketing manager I am aware of the effectiveness of team meetings.Interpersonal and assertive communications are the two most ignored but crucial communication strategies of all times:- Journal Article: Interpersonal Communication When information is send in between two or more than two people it is interpersonal communication. In a workplace it can be communication happening over events, situations, projects etc in between a superior and a subordinate. Basically it is exchanging information related to the benefit of the organization. Here there is a sender who sends the message, the message itself, channels using which the message is send and a receiver to such messages. (Study, 2016) Assertive communication- Being assertive in the style of communication means conveying of the message firmly and clearly but yet in a respectful manner. Sometimes assertive communication is confused with aggressive form of communication. Aggressive way of communications are rudeness, hostility, threatening, sarcastic or demanding style and is totally different from assertive, Assertive way of communication is to take a stand on ones viewpoint. It has no way any trespassing actions involved or disrespect involved for others. It is just being clear about your own opinion about something (RMIT, 2013). Analyse and Explain: Team meetings help discuss team goals, discuss doubts, problems and track progress. It is an open platform welcoming new ideas and concerns of team members. It helps achieving organizational goals better (Kauffeld Lehmann-Willenbrock, 2011). Application: I will be use these concepts in the internal team meetings and while undergoing meeting with sponsors and investors. Article 4: Definition: The fourth article deals in the effectiveness of interpersonal communication in the achievement of organizational goals. Research and studies made in this article helped me understand that there are some factors associated with internal communication. These are employee commitment, thoughtful work, dedication, discretionary work efforts and all means of employee engagement. Such means of effective communication system helps combine channels inside the organization better and bring out extraordinary results (Hayase, 2016). These are as follows:- Journal Article: Internal Organizational Communication: An internal form of communication aids in the transmission of messages, data and information in between various members or divisions in an organization. It can take place in varied levels of an organization as well. For an instance in every organization a broad range of strategies are employed for the purpose of communication. Such interpersonal communication strategies can be vertical, horizontal, informal and formal means of communication (Study, 2016). Communication Environment-Under communication environment there are two parts environment and communication. Communication is when there is an exchange of ideas, views, messages, news and information. Now, communication environment signifies that all the elements which are surrounding us and their influence over communication. Such environmental communication can be formal as well as informal. It can be business related or non business related. (Environment, 2016) Analyse and Explain: It is true that for work to happen one have to understand the team and vice versa. This article is highly interesting as it points out the primary factors using which one can develop strong inter personal skills in their day to day works. This area is a highly unexplored region. Application: Internal communication helps me on a daily basis to communicate with members of my team. The better we make our internal communication the faster is work done. Article 5: The role of technology in our daily lives is different these days. The article gave me a deep insight in the various technologies available today with which network between employees can be maintained and made better. Journal Article: Understand the differences between groups and teams- In business and marketing it is important to understand the differences in between teams and groups. Every team consists of groups of individuals. However all groups cannot be considered as teams. Members of teams who work together and have the same objectives and goals and work for achieving same responsibilities can be known as a team. A group can have multiple individuals who have same internet and characteristics. They range in size and scope (Boundless, 2016). Differentiate amongst the different stages of groups development- A business team undergoes primary five stages of development. These are Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing and Adjourning. a) Forming Stage - In the Forming stage, the team meets with each other and the introduction session takes place. Here basic information is shared and one learns about the project they will be working on. Project goals are discussed and individual roles are discussed and finalised. b) Storming Stage As the stage progress there is the Storming stage. This stage is mandatory for every team who is working for the first time or is evolving as a team first time. Here members accept each other ideas. Here members also compete with the status of each other. All the differences are discussed, argued and sorted out at this stage itself. c) Norming In the norming stage the team is working effectively in overall goals and not on individual goals. Team rules have been agreed upon here and work begins. d) Performing This stage is where work is being done by the team with full effect. The main objective is to reach the end result as soon as possible. Decisions are taken and problems are solved in this stage fast. e) Adjourning Adjourning is the stage where all the goals are achieved and the project reaches completion. Teams move onto other projects.(Abudi, 2010) Analyse and Explain: The article has an interesting idea about various employee work performances. It showed me ways of various online and offline networks used at workplace for better work communications and performance. Application: To know the customer's, team and sponsors better such type of effective communication skills are used. It helps develop better interpersonal relationships in the team. Article 6: The sixth one aroused internet in me in making complete meaning out of it so I can make use of it in the real life. It deals in the cultural general competence or working in between multiple cultures. There are basically many advantages of this and many ways to do this. When work occurs in between different cultures a lot of factors are taken into account. One has to check out the management culture, work ethics, authority differences, etiquette, delegation and other distinctive factors of the new culture. For example in the culture of one country there is the liberty to call managers by their names while in some culture it is not. The awareness and knowledge about the differences in these cultures is important so employees can maintain the usual norms (Lambert, 2016). For teams working in various cultures knowledge of the following is needed for the good performance:- Journal Article: Understand the Importance of Intercultural Communication - This type of communication is fast becoming popular as globalization is raising high in the multicultural work ambience. Such intercultural communication helps business with foreign countries is possible effectively. For employees trying to break into foreign industries such communication skills can be highly beneficial (Ability, 2013). Many times we are required to do translations. While translating content of our website or creating presentations for reaching out to people of other countries we have to use our skills of intercultural communications. Carefully we design content interpreting messages signs, introductions or controversial documents (Kurbalija, 2002). Transmission of messages has become more effective. We prioritize the cultural background of the people to whom our products cater. Analyse and Explain: Whether the team is working on academicals documents, business, management, and team or for the consumer it is important to know and implement techniques aiding understanding of such forms of communication. This aids to economic globalization as well. a) Be aware Self awareness is the first skill one needs for learning inter cultural knows how. So for communicating others one must know their very own culture first. So, before stepping ahead to communicate in an intercultural environment, steps a bit bats. And first realize how you will communicate in your own culture. Hence, by developing an ideal communication style one can respect other cultures. b)LearnThere is nothing better than learning. Our team constantly researches and learns about new cultures. c)Be curious-Without curiosity one cannot be good in intercultural communication. It is important specially when dealing with different cultures. d)Observe and listen-Our team observes the countries and their people and their preferences. Only if one can listen and observe one can learn how well one can communicate. e) Regular experience The best way to keep learning is to regularly experience this. Catering to people of various countries is not easy, It needs a lot of know how about different cultures (Services, 2016). f) Become interculturally competent-Every business today strives to work on the global environment. For this one has to learn the importance of intercultural communication and be intercultural competent as the second habit. By culture it is meant about the entire way of a life, beliefs, values, languages and preferences. Every culture has some in built implicit or explicit nature of rules present. The ability using which one can develop a skill set for effective interactions in between different cultures are known as intercultural competence (McKinnon, 2006). There are five stages undergoing which one can develop intercultural competence:- a) Denial stage The characteristics of this stage is a lack of interest and awareness for other cultures. Hence the name denial stage. Here one does not have a care for other cultures existing around them. b) Polarization Stage This stage has two parts defense and reversal stages. Both showcase cultural differences. People when they begin interacting with others belonging to different other cultures they often judge the mental status of other cultures to be of a lesser value than themselves. It can be said to be a defensive state of mind and understanding. There occurs another situation when people consider their own culture as inferior to others. This is known as reversal stage or thought process. c) Minimization Here in this stage differences in between different cultures are leveled out. By respecting the fact that we all are human beings and work and efforts have the same significance to all people, irrespective of their cultural backgrounds the intercultural competence is developed. Minimization is distinctive in nature from polarization as here people begin to think beyond judgments. d) Acceptance stage In the acceptance stage people know about their own cultural identity and accept it. They even embrace the fact that other also has their own cultural identities and no one is less or more in value. Mental models can be different but confrontational thoughts are useless. e) Adaptation stage The last stage is the adaptation stage. It is here one becomes totally intercultural competence favored. Here people understand and adapt values they consider as necessary irrespective of the culture it originates from (Gevrey, 2013). Application: Working with a product which has market overseas, such type of communication skills gives a deep understanding of how to communicate with the foreign members of the organisation and external individuals as well. Conclusion Any business todays needs to communicate. The user base and the stakeholders genre are varied in todays world. New technologies are needed for effective business communication to happen. With the global scenario in place, today traditional means of communication are overpowered by new innovative simplified methods and technologies. If communication is ineffective then it is bound to fetch poor results for an organization. It can be the breeding arena for mistrust, conflict, misunderstandings and chaos. Hence, for speeding up decision making, building great business relationship and enhancing productivity and customer satisfaction effective business communication is a must. References Ability,. (2013). The Importance of Intercultural Communication | ABILITY English. Ability.edu.au. Retrieved from :https://www.ability.edu.au/latest-news/the-importance-of-intercultural-communication/ Abudi, G. (2010). The Five Stages of Team Development: A Case Study. Project Smart. Retrieved from :https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/the-five-stages-of-team-development-a-case-study.php Boundless,. (2016). 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